FOSSILS AND THEIR VALUE. WILL H. THOMPSON~ I. THE USE OF FOSSILS. In writing for the understanding of the people generally, it is hard to find terms or phrases suited to convey clearly the nature and the import­ ance of that connection which a knowledge of fossils bears to an intelli­ gent study of even economic geology, Every geologist knows full well that most people verily believe science to be a humbug. There is an abiding popular faith in what is called" practical knowledge," a phrase that covers all manner of blunders, discouragements and disasters. Science is, in fact, the only true practical knowledge, and there is no such thing as permanent success disconnected from business done upon scientific principles. Geology, for instance, is simply a knowledge of the earth's materials. Out of these materials come all the substances which go into the arts, the commerce and the subsistence of mankind. Geology is not, therefore, a mere study of rocks for curiosity's sake. It is the study of the earth for man's sake. To properly study the earth we must first get possession of akey to its secrets, or to a part of its secrets, at least. It has been demonstrated that the fossils found in the rocks furnish thlS key. Geologists know this so well that they take it too much for granted that the people know it also. It would seem to be the duty of this department to write for the people rather than for the geologists. The people of Indiana pay for the geological work of the State in order that they may be nformed, along with all the rest of the world, upon the matters connected with a proper understanding of Indiana's physical resources. Many per­ sons of considerable intelligence come to the museum of minerals and fossils, and go away scoffing at the possibility of such a collection of objects ever having any bearing whatever on the development 01 the State. So.called" practical" men are fond of asserting that all geol­ ogists are cranks, and all scientific investigators mere theorists. One thing, however, is very notable; there is not a single instance on record FOSSILS AND THEIR VALUE. 55 of It man who, after giving geology a fair study, ever denied that its importance is very great, It is those only who are ignorant of the truth who profess a contempt for it. Coming now to a short study, in the plainest way, of the relations be­ tween a practical knowledge of' fossils and the proper understanding of the formation of the earth, let us first take the simplest examples at our command. If any particular general deposit of stratified rock be ex­ amined we shall find certain fossil forms, either vegetable or animal, or both,peculiar to that rock alone. This being demonstrated, we may be certainly abl~ thereafter to identifY the rock hy its fossil forms, no matter in what locality found. By long study and careful comparisons, geol­ ogists all over the world have been ahle to describe, figure and classifY a vast number of ,these fossils and assign to each genus and species its lo­ cality or horizon in the rocks of the earth. Hence it is that a museum of fossils has a great value, as it holds the specimens from ~hich it is easy to determine the name and locality, as well as the peculiar formation holding it, of any fossil in question. For simple instance, a citizen of In­ diana living in Carroll County 'came to the State Geologist and claimed that he had found coal while boring a well in that county. The Geologist immediately told him that he was mistaken, that it was quite impossible for coal deposits to exist in the region indicated. How did the Geologist know this? He knew it because he had fossils from the topmost fossil­ bearing surface rocks in that county, which showed those rocks to be of the Devonian age-rocks deposited long prior to the rocks of the carbon­ iferous or coal· bearing age. This was a test which could not fuil. ' The apparently useless fossils of the cabinet, and the apparently dry and use­ less reports of the State Geologist, here showed their value to the citizen, who, but for their information, would have been tempted to expend large slims of money in trying to demonstrate that Devonian black shale is coal. Another case in point was that of a gentleman who, in boring a well for gas, struck a very hard stone which he reported to be gray gran· ite. The State Geologist asked for a piece of the stone, and a fragment was brought to him, which contained a fossil of the Niagara limestone, and which readily dissolved under the action of acid. Here was perfect proof that the rock reached was not granite, but was limestone and of the Niagara formation, a formation which lies fur above the granite when in place. It is true that limestone is easily distinguished from granite by the naked eye, but the testimony of the fossils goes to the age of the rock and its proper place in the crust of the earth. It is testimony which al. ways amounts to conclusive evidence. No man who knows whereof he speaks will ever contradict it, no'r is there any better source of evidence likely to be discovered touching the remote history of the processes of nature. 56 REPORT OF STATE GEOLOGIST. So it will appear plain to even the most unscientific mind that fossils really have a use, and may serve civilization a valuable turn; for the moment that a cabinet of specimens ceases to be a mere collection 'of curi­ osities, it begins to take on a practical and precious significance to the student and to the broad-minded business man as well. It is not, however, the greatest value of geology that it has a strong bearing upon the physical development of the countries in which its re­ sults are applied. There is a higher function of the science, which is to broaden the intelligence of the world, and thus to aid in impelling civili­ zation along the best lines of progresR. What are fossils? In a general way, a fossil is any object, organic or inorganic, which has been preserved in the rocks of the earth, and which testifies of a past period of terrestrial life. Even the implements made by prehistoric men are, if found imbedded in the earth, strictly fossils. This admitted, the view widens at once, and we see that the study of these unearthed remains may tell a story even more reliable and indis­ putable in many particulars than the written histories left us by men. That fossils are of great use, then, can not be questi9ned. They are the alphabet of that language in: which the records of nature are written , on the rock tablets of our earth. This alphabet must be learned before those records can be read and understood; and, after all, the lesson is not so difficult as it might at first appear to be. Much depends upon the spirit in which the task is nndertaken. II. THE ~ATURE AND DISTRIBUTIO~ OF FOSSILS. Organic fossils are of two kinds, animal and vegetable, and they repre­ sent a great variety of genera and species, most of them quite extinct at present. Inorganic fossils, as we shall consider them, are confined chiefly to ob­ jects manufactured by prehistoric men. Animal remains, found in a fossil state, are distribnted throughout the sedimentary rocks of the earth from the lowest limestones of the lower Silurian formation up to the most recent deposits on the surface of our al­ luvial areas. It is scarcely necessary to consider here the shadowy and doubtful remains claimed to have been found in certain of the older rocks. We may safeiy begin with the lower Silurian limestones as the lowest legible register of the· fossil history of animal life. These fos­ sils appear to have been almost wholly deep sea animals of simple struct­ ure comparatively and of a low order of life. A great number of them can be compared in general structure with the simpler shell-fish of the present time, and, so perfectly have their forms been preserved, we can figure, describe and classify them with almost as much accuracy as can be applied to living organisms. Moreover, the science of comparative anat­ SA ,. FOSSILS AND THEIR VALUE. 57 amy has been so perfected that we can certainly assign to every part of any fossil form its function in life, and thus demonstrate the habits and mode of existence, and finally the habitat of the animal while living. In­ deed it is perfectly po'ssible for the expert comparative anatomist to recon­ struct the form of an extinct species by the clue furnished through the study of a single and even minor part of the animal. It has been shown by a comprehensive survey of all the best defined facts resulting from paleontological study that organic life has probably developed gradually from a lower to a higher state, and from general to special forms through all the past ages. The nature and the distribution of fossils settle this theory pretty clearly, and the facts of the post-fossil period do not conflict with it. From the Lower Silurian to the Upper Silurian, thence to the Devonian and on up through the Carboniferous to the Drift deposits, the rocks of Indiana are marked by characteristic fossils by which each stratum may be distinguished from all.