Tesi Doctoral Nationalism, National Identity and Territory. The Case of Catalonia John Etherington Director de Tesi: Francesc Morata Departament de Ciència Política i Dret Públic Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Juny, 2003. CONTENTS List of Tables........................................................................................................ vii List of Maps.......................................................................................................... vii Introduction.......................................................................................................... ix Part One Chapter 1 Explanations of Nationalism............................................................ 3 Introduction................................................................................................ 3 What is Nationalism?................................................................................. 4 Patriotism and nationalism............................................................. 4 Nationalism: sentiment, ideology or movement?......................…. 5 Nationalism’s claims: the core doctrine......................................... 8 Approaches to Nationalism........................................................................ 10 The primordialist approach.........................................................… 10 The instrumentalist/modernist approach........................................ 12 Conclusions................................................................................................ 24 Chapter 2 Nationalism and Territory...........................................................…. 29 Introduction................................................................................................ 29 Territory in Mainstream Accounts............................................................. 30 Nationalism and Territory.......................................................................... 33 Territory and territoriality.............................................................. 36 Territory and place......................................................................... 37 National Identity and Territory.................................................................. 40 Territorial dimensions of ‘we’ and ‘the other’............................... 41 ‘Objective’ elements of national territorial identity....................... 43 ‘Subjective’ elements of national territorial identity..................... 45 Nationalism, Territory and Ideology......................................................... 48 Banal nationalism.......................................................................... 49 iii Places and power........................................................................... 50 The Instruments of National Territorial Socialisation............................... 52 Geography as an academic discipline............................................ 52 Mapping......................................................................................... 54 The hiking movement.................................................................... 55 Landscape imagery and painters.................................................... 56 Anthems, songs and poems............................................................ 57 Conclusions................................................................................................ 59 Chapter 3 Nationalism and Globalisation I: Towards Deterritorialisation... 63 Introduction................................................................................................ 63 Deterritorialisation..................................................................................... 66 Global Economic Deterritorialisation........................................................ 68 Global financial markets................................................................ 69 Towards a global trading order...................................................... 70 Deterritorialisation and the Impact on Nation-State Autonomy................ 74 Global economic integration: an empirical critique....................... 75 Persistent nation-state divergence.................................................. 79 Cultural Globalisation: Deterritorialisation as Convergence..................... 82 Global cultural convergence questioned........................................ 84 Cultural Globalisation: Deterritorialisation as Heterogeneity................... 87 ‘Postnational identities’?................................................................ 90 Conclusions................................................................................................ 91 Chapter 4 Nationalism and Globalisation II: Reterritorialisation and Spatial Reconfiguration..................................................................................... 95 Introduction................................................................................................ 95 Reterritorialisation as Opportunity I: State Restructuring......................... 97 The post-war settlement: Fordism-Keynesianism......................... 97 Post-war territorial management.................................................... 99 The breakdown of Fordism............................................................ 101 Flexible specialisation, post-Fordism, and regional economies.... 102 Reterritorialisation as Opportunity II: European Integration..................... 107 Structural funds and the regions.............................……………… 109 iv Extra-state channels for regional engagement............................... 110 Reterritorialisation as Threats................................................................... 115 Cohesion in the European Union? ................................................ 116 Global versus local versus local..................................................... 120 Defensive place-based identities and the ‘power of tradition’....... 121 Conclusions................................................................................................ 127 Part Two Chapter 5 Territory and the Origins of Catalan Nationalism........................ 135 Introduction............................................................................................... 135 Mainstream Approaches to Catalan Nationalism...................................... 136 Perennialist accounts...................................................................... 137 Modernist accounts........................................................................ 140 The centrality of language............................................................. 144 The Symbolic Construction of the Pàtria.................................................. 149 The Renaixença and the Pàtria...................................................... 150 Vigatanisme................................................................................... 154 The Political Significance of the Renaixença and Vigatanisme................ 166 The changing geography of 19th-century Catalonia....................... 170 Conclusions............................................................................................... 177 Chapter 6 Past and Present: The Continuity of Territorial Themes in Catalan Nationalism....................................................................................... 179 Introduction............................................................................................... 179 Town versus Country................................................................................. 180 Territorial Divisions: the comarques......................................................... 186 The Extent of the National Homeland: Els Països Catalans..................... 195 The Graphic Representation of the Pàtria: maps and mapping................ 207 The Hiking Movement............................................................................... 210 Conclusions............................................................................................... 217 v Chapter 7 Territorial Elements of Pujolism in Contemporary Catalan Nationalism.......................................................................................................... 219 Introduction............................................................................................... 219 The Political Career of Jordi Pujol: from Torras i Bages to the Generalitat................................................................................................. 220 Pujolism..................................................................................................... 224 Pujolism and Territory............................................................................... 231 Immigration and territory............................................................... 233 Pujolism and language................................................................... 241 Jordi Pujol, ‘Home de la Terra’................................................................. 253 Conclusions............................................................................................... 260 Chapter 8 Territorial Reproduction through the Media................................ 263 Introduction............................................................................................... 263 Television and National Territorial Socialisation...................................... 265 El Temps (The Weather)................................................................. 267 De Vacances