TEAM CODE: 2171 THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE AT THE PEACE PALACE, THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS CASE CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF BATS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE MEASURES FEDERAL STATES OF ALDUCRA…………………………………………………………………………APPLICANT REPUBLIC OF RUNBETI……………………………………………………………………..…RESPONDENT -WRITTEN SUBMISSION ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENT- YEAR 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i INDEX OF AUTHORITIES v TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS v U.N. DOCUMENTS AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS v JUDICIAL DECISIONS vi WTO REPORTS viii ARTICLES AND JOURNALS x BOOKS, GUIDES AND REPORTS xii TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS xv QUESTIONS PRESENTED xvii STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION xviii STATEMENT OF FACTS xix SUMMARY OF ARGUMENTS xxi ARGUMENTS ADVANCED 1 I. RUNBETI DID NOT VIOLATE INTERNATIONAL LAW WITH RESPECT TO ITS WIND FARM PROJECT 1 1. Runbeti acteD in acCorDanCe with both treaty anD customary law provisions 1 - WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENT - i 1.1. Runbeti acteD in acCorDanCe with provisions reLateD to cLimate cHange mitigation 1 1.1.1. Runbeti acteD in acCorDanCe with the UNFCCC anD Paris Agreement 2 1.1.2. Runbeti acteD in acCorDanCe with CMS anD EUROBATS, as weLL as their Resolutions 2 a. Runbeti acted in line with CMS and EUROBATS 3 b. The provisions of CMS and EUROBATS Resolutions are not legally binding 4 c. Alternatively, if the court shall find CMS and EUROBATS Resolutions binding, Runbeti claims that it acted in line with its provisions 5 1.2. Runbeti fuLfiLLeD its treaty obLigations in acCorDanCe with the ruLe of Common but DifferentiateD responsibiLities as a deveLoping country 6 1.3. Runbeti DiD not Cause any signifiCant transbounDary Harm with the winD farm introduCtion 8 1.4. Runbeti acteD in acCorDanCe with due diLigenCe 10 1.4.1. Runbeti fuLfiLLeD the due diLigenCe provisions by performing EIA 11 1.4.2. Runbeti fuLfiLLeD the Due DiLigenCe provisions by performing monitoring anD mitigation measures 13 II. ALDUCRA VIOLATED INTERNATIONAL LAW WITH ITS INTERNATIONAL TRADE MEASURES 15 1. ALDuCra violateD ArtiCLe VIII of ARTA 15 1.1. ALDuCra violateD the provisions of the of ArtiCLe VIII(1) of ARTA 16 - WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENT - ii 1.2. ALDuCra violateD the provisions of ArtiCLe VIII(2) of ARTA 17 1.2.1. ALDuCran anD Runbeti’s tapagium are like produCts 17 1.2.2. ImporteD tapagium from Runbeti is taxeD in excess of the DomestiC ALDuCran tapagium 19 1.3. ALDuCra violateD provisions of ArtiCLe VIII(3) of ARTA 19 1.3.1. DomestiC anD importeD tapagium are like produCts 20 1.3.2. The measure at issue is a requirement affeCting the internal sale, offering for sale, purCHase, transportation, distribution, or use of importeD tapagium 20 1.3.3. ImporteD tapagium is acCorDeD Less favorabLe treatment than Like DomestiC produCt 21 2. Runbeti cLaims that general exceptions are not appLiCabLe 22 2.1. ALDuCra diD not fuLfiLL requirements of the two-tier test of ArtiCLe X of ARTA 22 2.2. ALDuCra lacks basis for extraterritorial appLiCation of the Statute 25 2.3. ReLating to the conservation of exhaustibLe natural resourCes 26 2.3.1. The Statute is not appLieD in reLation to Conservation of exhaustibLe natural resourCes 26 2.3.2. The Statue was not appLieD in ConjunCtion with restriCtions on DomestiC produCts 27 2.4. ALDuCra`s action was unneCessary to proteCt animal life or health 28 2.4.1. The importanCe of interests or values at stake is not high 28 - WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENT - iii 2.4.2. The Statute was ineffeCtive in reacHing the goal anD Disproportionate to the LeveL of limitation poseD to international trade 29 2.4.3. There were better alternative measures for ALDuCra to reacH the goal 29 PRAYER 30 - WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENT - iv INDEX OF AUTHORITIES TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS 1. Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats, 1991, 1863 UNTS 101. …………………………………………………………………………………...……...…7, 12 2. Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, 1760 U.N.T.S. 79. ……………………6, 11-13, 25 3. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973, 993 U.N.T.S. 243. ……………………………………………………………………………...…14 4. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979, 1651 U.N.T.S. 333. …………………………………………………………………………………….…...3, 6 5. Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015, T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104. ………………………………………………………………….……...2 6. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107. …………………………………………………………………………………….………….21 7. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331. …………………..…...6 U.N. DOCUMENTS AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS 8. Resolution 11.27, Renewable Energy and Migratory Species, 2014, UNEP/CMS/Resolution 11.27(COP13). …………………………………………………………………………….7, 11 - WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENT - v 9. Resolution 11.6, Review of decisions, 2014, UNEP/CMS/Resolution 11.6 (Rev.COP12). …………………………………………………………………………………………….…...4 10. Resolution 12.21, Climate Change and Migratory Species, 2017, UNEP/CMS/Resolution 12.21 (COP12). ………………………………………………………………………..………5 11. Resolution 7.5, Wind Turbines and Migratory Species, 2017, UNEP/CMS/Resolution 7.5 (Rev.COP12). …………………………………………………………..……………..…..5, 12 12. Resolution 8.4, Wind Turbines and Bat Populations, 2018, EUROBATS.MoP8.Resolution8.4. …………………………………………………………………………………….…...5, 11, 14 13. United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Havana Reports, p. 62; E/CONF.2/C.3/A/W.30 (Nov. 21, 1947). ……………………………………………………20 14. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1. ………………11, 25 15. WTO rules and environmental policies: key GATT disciplines, WTO, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envt_rules_gatt_e.htm (last visited Nov. 10, 2020). ………………………………………………………………………………………..18 JUDICIAL DECISIONS 16. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p.128…………………………………………………………………………………………...8 17. Case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p.14. …………………………………………………………………8, 9, 11, 12 - WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENT - vi 18. Case Concerning the Gabcıkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 1997. …………………………………………………………………………………... 19. Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015, p.665. ………………………………………………………...9 20. Corfu Channel case, Judgment on Preliminary Objection, I.C.J., Reports 1984, p.15. ….…………………………………………………………………………………………...8, 9 21. Indus Water Kishenganga (Pakistan v. India), (Perm. Ct. ARb. 2013). ……………………….11 22. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J., Reports 1996, p.226. …………………………………………………………………………………….11, 12 23. Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p.61. …………………………………………………………………………………………...8 24. Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, 2015, I.C.J. Reports 2015, p.592. ………………………………………………….5 25. Responsibilities and obligations of States with respect to activities in the Area, Advisory Opinion, 1 February 2011, ITLOS Reports 2011, p.10……………………………………….11 26. The Iron Rhine (“Ijzeren Rijn”) Railway (Belgium v. Netherlands.), (Perm. Ct. Arb. 2005). ………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 27. Trail Smelter Arbitration (USA v. Canada), 3U.N. Rep Int’l Arb Awards 1905 (1941), p.1965. ……………………………………………………………………………………..………8, 11 - WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENT - vii WTO REPORTS 28. Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R, (adopted Dec. 3, 2007). …………..……………………..……22, 23, 28, 29 29. Appellate Body Report, Canada – Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WTO Doc. WT/DS31/AB/R (adopted Jun. 13, 1997). ……………………………………..….…………17 30. Appellate Body Report, China – Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten, and Molybdenum, WTO Doc. WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R (adopted Aug. 7, 2014). ……………………………………………………………………..……….…26, 27, 28 31. Appellate Body Report, Colombia – Measures Relating To The Importation Of Textiles, Apparel And Footwear, WTO Doc. WT/DS461/RW, (adopted Oct. 5, 2018). ………………………………………………………………………………………………28 32. Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Measures Prohibiting The Importation And Marketing Of Seal Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS400/AB/R, WT/DS401/AB/R (adopted May 22, 2014). …………………………………………………………………….…………21, 22 33. Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WTO Doc. WT/DS135/AB/R, (adopted March 12, 2001). …..…20, 29 34. Appellate Body Report, Japan – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WTO Doc.WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R, (adopted Oct. 4, 1996). ………..……………….…17, 26 35. Appellate Body Report, Korea – Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, WTO Doc. WT/DS161/AB/R, WT/DS169/AB/R (adopted Dec. 11, 2000). ………….19 36. Appellate Body Report, United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS58/AB/R, (adopted Oct. 12, 1998). …..…..……23, 24, 25, 26, 27 - WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF