Matthias Finger Lassi Heininen Editors The GlobalArctic Handbook The GlobalArctic Handbook [email protected] Matthias Finger • Lassi Heininen Editors The GlobalArctic Handbook 123 [email protected] Editors Matthias Finger Lassi Heininen Institute of Technology and Public Policy Faculty of Social Sciences École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne University of Lapland Lausanne Rovaniemi Switzerland Finland ISBN 978-3-319-91994-2 ISBN 978-3-319-91995-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91995-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018941970 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland [email protected] Contents 1 Introduction .......................................... 1 Matthias Finger and Lassi Heininen 2 Perceiving Dignity, Needs and Rights: Seal Hunting Communities and International Human Rights Standards ....... 9 Nikolas Sellheim 3 The Global Land Rush and the Arctic ...................... 27 Markus Kröger 4 State-Owned Enterprises in the Arctic ...................... 45 Andrey Krivorotov and Matthias Finger 5 Tourism at the Crossroads of Contesting Paradigms of Arctic Development .......................................... 63 Soile Veijola and Hannah Strauss-Mazzullo 6 Arctic Shipping: A Contrasted Expansion of a Largely Destinational Market.................................... 83 Frédéric Lasserre 7 Boreal Forests of the Circumpolar World .................... 101 Hayley Hesseln 8 Climate Change and China’s Rise to Great Power Status: Implications for the Global Arctic.......................... 125 Sanna Kopra 9 The Arctic Paradox (and How to Solve It). Oil, Gas and Climate Ethics in the Arctic ..................................... 141 Teemu Palosaari 10 Contemporary Arctic Meets World Politics: Rethinking Arctic Exceptionalism in the Age of Uncertainty .................... 153 Juha Käpylä and Harri Mikkola v [email protected] vi Contents 11 The Changing Role of Military Power in the Arctic ............ 171 Valery Konyshev and Alexander Sergunin 12 The Rise of China in the Emergence of a New Arctic Order ..... 197 Xing Li and Bo Peng 13 Special Features of Arctic Geopolitics—A Potential Asset for World Politics ......................................... 215 Lassi Heininen 14 Diplomacy and Paradiplomacy in the North Atlantic and the Arctic—A Comparative Approach ................... 235 Maria Ackrén 15 The Arctic as a Laboratory of Global Governance: The Case of Knowledge-Based Cooperation and Science Diplomacy ....... 251 Rasmus Gjedssø Bertelsen 16 Subnational Tier of Arctic Governance ...................... 269 Alexander Sergunin 17 Sámi People at Different Levels of Decision-Making Processes in the Global Arctic ............................. 289 Laura Olsén [email protected] Chapter 1 Introduction Matthias Finger and Lassi Heininen Connections between the Arctic and the Earth System, such as the Arctic Haze and the Indian monsoon link, are long established. We have also known for quite a while that the Arctic is warming more than twice as rapidly as the rest of the planet, and that this already does and increasingly will affect the Earth System. However, the Arctic has, at least since the end of the Cold War, also become economically globalized, as a warming Arctic with less ice cover attracts the interest of corporations and other nations, both for its resources and its transport routes. Such globalization of the Arctic can also be identified in its governance, as the Arctic Council—the major regional council and high-level forum for inter-governmental cooperation in the Arctic—has become an important meeting place for both Arctic and non-Arctic states, as well as International and Non-Governmental Organizations, the latter three having the status of observers. In other words, the Arctic has now become global, ecologically, economically, politically and culturally. With this book, we wish to offer a comprehensive and inter-disciplinary approach to this globalized Arctic, something we have labeled the GlobalArctic.1 By that we mean the Arctic as a geographical region, which has now become part and parcel of the globalized world in all its dimensions: ecological, economic, geo-political, and cultural. Having entered this globalized world, the Arctic is actively contributing to further globalization. However, with this book we also want to offer a structured 1The term was coined in a brainstorming meeting of the Thematic Network on Geopolitics and Security in January 2014 in Copenhagen, and officially launched at the 2014 Arctic Circle Assembly. See also our Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) entitled GlobalArctic on the Coursera platform. M. Finger (B) EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland e-mail: matthias.finger@epfl.ch L. Heininen University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland e-mail: lassi.heininen@ulapland.fi © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 1 M. Finger and L. Heininen (eds.), The GlobalArctic Handbook, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91995-9_1 [email protected] 2 M. Finger and L. Heininen methodology for studying the Arctic in its global context. In particular, we want to analyze the two-way interconnections between global and Arctic processes: global impacts within, and worldwide implications of the Arctic. As such, our book pursues the following three aims: • First and foremost, we want to help conceptualize the Arctic as a multifaceted region within a changing global context, which is both affected by it and affecting it. • Secondly, we aim to describe the major drivers of these GlobalArctic dynamics; namely, ecological changes, changes in resources extraction practices and corre- sponding infrastructure development, including urbanization, as well as changes in geopolitical configurations, and changes in Arctic economies, societies and cultures. • Thirdly, we aim to define, analyze, and discuss concrete ways to address these changes in the GlobalArctic, including mitigation, adaptation, and resilience- building. The purpose is to offer the relevant GlobalArctic stakeholders innovative approaches, methods, best practices, and solutions to address these unprecedented dynamics. Here the GlobalArctic is a (new) geopolitical context. While our GlobalArctic approach and method of analyzing the multi-dimensional and multi-functional state of the Arctic and its resources geopolitics is new and unprecedented, there already exists substantial literature on various aspects of the Arctic. This literature can be roughly divided into two categories. On one hand are social science approaches pertaining to geopolitics, security, governance, and institutions, mostly inspired by national policies and intergovernmental cooperation. On the other hand, there is even more literature on the Arctic ecology, especially climate change and ensuing implications on resources accessibility and indigenous peoples’ lives and cultures. However, the link between these two types of literature, and especially the link between a warming Arctic and the global, Post-Cold War economy, has hardly been made yet. The scarce literature in this area is often quite normative, arguing either for or against a more or less sustainable development in and of the Arctic. Similarly, there exist quite different views as to what extent Arctic states, companies, and people have a responsibility to mitigate global climate change, and other changes for that matter, or should take advantage of the opportunities offered by a warming and resource-rich Arctic. Such considerations have led us to gather leading senior experts and young researchers on Arctic matters in order to offer a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to and view of the GlobalArctic. Consequently, we have structured our book along the four main dimensions that we believe best capture the dynamics of the GlobalArctic: economics and resources, extraction, Earth system dynamics, institutions and governance, and culture. In each dimension, we use the various con- tributions to highlight how the global is driving the changes in the Arctic and, on the other hand, how the changes in the Arctic are affecting, or may affect, the globe.