A Professional Journal of National Defence College Volume 19 Number 2 December 2020 National Defence College Bangladesh EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Patron Lieutenant General Ataul Hakim Sarwar Hasan, SBP, SGP, ndc, afwc, psc, PhD Editor-in-Chief Rear Admiral M Shafiul Azam, NUP, ndc, psc Editor Colonel M A Saadi, afwc, psc Associate Editors Brigadier General Muhammad Ali Talukder, ndc, afwc, psc Lieutenant Colonel Muhammad Alamgir Iqbal Khan, psc, Arty Assistant Editors Assistant Professor Nishat Sultana Assistant Director Md Nazrul Islam ISSN: 1683-8475 DISCLAIMER The analysis, opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this Journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the NDC, Bangladesh Armed Forces or any other agencies of Bangladesh Government. Statement, fact or opinion appearing in NDC Journal are solely those of the authors and do not imply endorsement by the editors or publisher. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electrical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by the National Defence College, Bangladesh Design & Printed by : Isamoti Printers 89/3, Nayapaltan, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Cell: 01947540934, E mail: [email protected] CONTENTS Page Foreword v Editorial vi Abstracts vii Information Security in Digital Era - Policy and Strategic Implications 01 for Bangladesh By - Brigadier General Tamjidul Haque Chowdhury, ndc, afwc, psc Socio-Economic Impacts of Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Challenges on 23 National Security of Bangladesh By - Brigadier General Abu Hena Mohammad Sadrul Alam, ndc, psc Changing Role of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Challenges 40 and Opportunities By - Brigadier General Mohammod Al Masum, PBGM, ndc, psc Impact of Food Security on the Domain of Non-Traditional Security 60 Issues – Bangladesh Perspective By - Brigadier General Md. Sadequzzaman, ndc, afwc, psc Employment of Bangladeshi Female Workers Abroad: A Socio- 89 Economic Analysis By - Joint Secretary Abdul Latif Khan, ndc The Guiding Significance of Sun Tzu’s the Art of War to China’s 108 Current National Security Strategy By - Colonel Zhou Mingjun, ndc Efficacy of Soft Power in State’s Foreign Policy for Developing Countries 122 in the Contemporary Environment By - Group Captain Syed Hashmat Iqbal, ndc, fawc, psa 360 Degree Assessments of Officers of Bangladesh Army- A Quest for 141 Organizational Effectiveness By - Colonel Md Mafizul Islam Rashed, afwc, psc Enhancing Professionalism of Contemporary Officers of Bangladesh 167 Army through a Regulated Professional Ambition By - Colonel Golam Kibria Zaman, afwc, psc Adoption of Education 4.0 in Joint and Major Training Institutions of 191 Bangladesh Armed Forces - Challenges and Ways Forward By - Lieutenant Colonel Shahriar Kabir, afwc, psc, Signals Spirituality vis-a-vis Leadership Praxis: Proposing a New Leadership 214 Style for Bangladesh Armed Forces By - Commander Khandakar Elius Kanchon, (G), afwc, psc, BN Warranting Maritime Security within Blue Economy in Bangladesh 235 By - Captain Mirza Mamun-ur-Rashid, (G), afwc, psc, BN Air Forces In and Out 4th Generation Warfare 258 By - Group Captain Muhammad Mushtaqur Rahman, BPP, afwc, psc IV FOREWORD National Defence College has been striving since 1999 with a vision to be the premier national centre of excellence on leadership, defence, security, strategy and development studies - meeting the challenges of the 21st century. Since its inception, the college has been relentlessly presenting time - befitting academic curricula to the potential policy planners, senior leaders and strategic thinkers of the future. The college aims to create a balanced outlook and bring a visualization amongst the Course Members with a strategic and operational level understanding. The chronicles of past 21 years testify the viability of the academic system that has contributed to this leading institution in gaining reputation of excellence at home and abroad. National Defence College being the highest level national institution in Bangladesh, has always been emphasizing on conducting research on contemporary issues of national importance. The common aim of research work is to enable Course Members to make original contribution to a subject of national or international interest, which has influence on national security and development. NDC journal reflects the notable research works carried out by Course Members and Faculty of the college. I am assertive that the Research Papers included in this journal encompassing varied subjects would be considerably useful for the readers. I congratulate all authors who contributed to this journal. I appreciate the sincere efforts of Research and Academic Wing and acknowledge the hard work of editorial board to publish this journal in due time. Ataul Hakim Sarwar Hasan, SBP, SGP, ndc, afwc, psc, PhD Lieutenant General Commandant V EDITORIAL National Defence College, Bangladesh is the premier national center of excellence on leadership, Security, Strategy and Development Studies. The College believes that a senior officer from military and civil services should have a good understanding of the major economic, political and social issues of the nation and be able to recommend measures to face the challenges. Hence NDC regularly conducts various research works on contemporary issues of national as well as international importance. NDC Journal is a bi-annual publication of National Defence College publishing selected research papers prepared by the course members. The articles for the journal (Volume 19, Number 2, December 2020) are mostly selected from individual research papers that the Course Members had submitted as part of the course curriculums. National Defence College has been very regular in bringing out `NDC Journal` every year on time. This speaks of the laborious effort and genuine commitment on the part of both the editorial staffs and the writers. A total of 13 (thirteen) Research Papers have been adjudged for publication in the current issue in abridged form. The articles reflect complex and intricate multidimensional issues emanating from the long diversified experience of the course members and the curriculum based deliberations and discourse on various topics concerning comprehensive national security during the trainings. This volume includes papers of different categories that will be able to draw the attention of varied groups of reader. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Chief Patron Lieutenant General Ataul Hakim Sarwar Hasan, SBP, SGP, ndc, afwc, psc, PhD, the Commandant of NDC for his valuable guidance. Research is a highly committed undertaking. Despite all efforts, unintentional errors in various forms may appear in the journal. We ardently request our valued readers to pardon us for such unnoticed slights and shall consider ourselves rewarded to receive any evocative criticism. We hope that all papers included in this volume will be able to satisfy our readers. M Shafiul Azam, NUP, ndc, psc Rear Admiral Senior Directing Staff (Navy) VI ABSTRACT INFORMATION SECURITY IN DIGITAL ERA - POLICY AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS FOR BANGLADESH Brigadier General Tamjidul Haque Chowdhury, ndc, afwc, psc Information security had always been a matter of great concern over the ages resulting in invention of cypher techniques in 50 B.C. The pursuit of securitizing information continued all along though security professionals are facing enormous challenges owing to digital transformation. The advent of cyberspace, proliferation of digital device, rise of social media, upsurge of unethical hackers and spammers, increase of cybercrimes, creation of billion dollars’ business on privacy data, state sponsored attack on targeted websites and devices etc are some of the syndromes which render the traditional information security system completely off balanced. Bangladesh’s growth to contest the challenges was relatively slow and thus ranked towards the bottom in different cybersecurity indices measured by global partners. Thus a comprehensive policy guidance would be required to secure its information domain in order to support the vision of being a developing country by 2041. In doing so, Bangladesh’s vision would be to “Develop digitally, connected safe, secure and reliable Sonar Bangla by 2030”. The policy/ strategic objectives would include review and development of legislative documents and establishment of a separate regulatory commission which would ensure security and promote innovations. The cyberspace management would entail formulation of both conventional and unconventional cyber force through appropriate recruiting and training. Most importantly, Bangladesh needs to reduce dependency on foreign tech giants and develop own information and communication infrastructure including search engine and e-commerce based social media platforms to replace Google and Facebook in future. Besides, a secure and independent voice and data communication system are to be developed for the use of government officials. Last but not the least, strong bi-lateral and multilateral engagements and structured coordination and cooperation architecture would be essential to compete the security challenges of the information domain. Key Words: Information Security, Security Challenges, Information Domain, Digital Era. VII SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ROHINGYA REFUGEE CRISIS: CHALLENGES ON NATIONAL SECURITY OF BANGLADESH