MILITARIZATION OF ETHNIC CONFLICT IN TURKEY, ISRAEL AND PAKISTAN by Murat Ulgul A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and International Relations Summer 2015 © 2015 Murat Ulgul All Rights Reserved ProQuest Number: 3730202 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 3730202 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 MILITARIZATION OF ETHNIC CONFLICT IN TURKEY, ISRAEL AND PAKISTAN by Murat Ulgul Approved: ___________________________________________________________ Gretchen Bauer, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Political Science and International Relations Approved: ___________________________________________________________ George H. Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: ___________________________________________________________ James G. Richards, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Signed: ______________________________________________________________ Stuart Kaufman, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Signed: ______________________________________________________________ Muqtedar Khan, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Signed: ______________________________________________________________ Daniel M. Green, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Signed: ______________________________________________________________ Bulent Aras, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Literature Review.................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Theories of Ethnic Conflict............................................................................ 5 1.1.2 Military Activism and Military Conservatism............................................. 11 1.1.3 Historical Institutionalism............................................................................ 17 1.2 Military Influence on Politics and Ethnic Conflict............................................... 23 1.2.1 Theoretical Approach and Hypotheses........................................................ 23 1.2.2 Case Selection and the Plan of the Study.................................................... 38 1.2.3 Methodology................................................................................................ 43 2 MILITARY CONTROL AND FIRST KURDISH REBELLIONS.............................. 47 2.1 Military Control in the Turkish State-Building Period......................................... 47 2.1.1 Military Influence in the Pre-Republican Era.............................................. 47 2.1.2 Civil-Military Relations in the State-Building Period................................. 50 2.1.3 Soldier-Politicians in the State-Building Period.......................................... 58 2.1.4 Military-Society Relations in the State-Building Period............................. 63 2.2 Military Control and the Kurdish Rebellions in the State-Building Period.......... 67 2.2.1 Soldier-Politicians, Military and the Kurdish Rebellions in 1924-39.......... 68 2.2.2 Civilian Militarists and the Kurdish Rebellions........................................... 81 2.2.3 Moderates during the Kurdish Rebellions................................................... 86 2.3 Conclusion............................................................................................................ 93 iv 3 MILITARY CONTROL AND THE PKK CONFLICT................................................ 96 3.1 Military Control in the Postwar Period................................................................. 96 3.1.1 Military Coups and Transformation of Military Control............................. 96 3.1.2 Military Control in the Post-1980 Period................................................... 107 3.1.3 The End of Military Control...................................................................... 113 3.2 Military Control and the PKK Conflict.............................................................. 118 3.2.1 Kurdish Question from Dersim to Semdinli.............................................. 118 3.2.2 Turkish Military on the PKK Conflict....................................................... 125 3.2.3 Military Control and Ethnic Policies in 1984-99....................................... 130 3.2.4 Civilian Control of the Military and Democratic Opening........................ 156 3.3 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 179 4 MILITARY PARTICIPATION AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT............... 184 4.1 Military Participation in the Israeli State-Building Period................................. 186 4.1.1 Civilian Control of the Israeli Military in the State-Building Period........ 186 4.1.2 Military Participation in the Political Decision-Making............................ 194 4.2 Military Participation and Israel’s Arab Policy.................................................. 208 4.2.1 The IDF and Ben-Gurion-Sharett Conflict in 1948-56.............................. 209 4.2.2 The IDF and the Six Day War................................................................... 227 4.3 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 234 5 MILITARY PARTICIPATION AND THE PALESTINIAN CONFLICT................. 237 5.1 Military Participation in Israeli Politics.............................................................. 237 5.1.1 Military Participation in the Pre-Intifada Period....................................... 237 5.1.2 Military Participation during the Intifadas................................................. 242 5.2 Military Participation and the Intifadas.............................................................. 251 5.2.1 Military Conservatism and the First Intifada............................................. 252 5.2.2 The IDF and Oslo Peace Process............................................................... 274 5.2.3 Military Activism and the Second Intifada................................................ 288 v 5.3 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 310 6 MILITARY RULE AND THE BENGALI CONFLICT............................................. 317 6.1 Military Rule in the State-Building Period......................................................... 317 6.1.1 Military’s Ascension to Power, 1947-58................................................... 317 6.1.2 Institutionalization of Military Influence, 1958-69................................... 335 6.2 Military Rule and the Bengali Question............................................................. 341 6.2.1 Bengali Question during the Civilian Period, 1947-58.............................. 342 6.2.2 Ayub Khan Regime and the Radicalization of the Bengalis, 1958-69...... 349 6.2.3 Yahya Khan Regime and 1971 Civil War................................................. 356 6.3 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 365 7 MILITARY RULE AND THE BALOCHISTAN CONFLICT.................................. 368 7.1 Civil-Military Relations in the Post-1971 Period............................................... 369 7.2 Military Rule and the Balochistan Conflict........................................................ 392 7.2.1 Musharraf Regime and the Balochistan Conflict....................................... 398 7.2.2 The PPP Government and the Balochistan Conflict.................................. 418 7.3 Conclusion.........................................................................................................