The School from the Teacher's Perspective

The School from the Teacher's Perspective

The School from the Teacher’s Perspective Helsinki 2003 Research Report 246 M a t t i L a t t u The School from the Teacher’s Perspective The Teaching Space of Eleven Change-Oriented Teachers Academic Dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Education in the University of Helsinki, in Auditorium XIV of the Main Building, on October 3rd, 2003, at 12 o’clock. Helsinki 2003 Assessors: Professor Varpu Eloranta University of Turku Ph.D. Jouni Viiri University of Joensuu Custos: Professor Veijo Meisalo University of Helsinki Opponent: Professor Eija Syrjäläinen University of Tampere I S B N 952-10-1277-3 (paperback) I S B N 952-10-1278-1 (PDF) ISSN 0359-4203 Yliopistopaino 2003 i University of Helsinki, Faculty of Education Department of Teacher Education Research Reports 246 Matti Lattu The School from the Teacher’s Perspective: The Teaching Space of Eleven Change-Oriented Teachers Abstract This report describes an in-service training project, in which eleven voluntary primary school teachers co-operated intensively with a researcher for one academic year. The researcher met each teacher every second week. The most important forms of co-operation were planning, reflecting on past events, and joint teaching. The goal of the development was to support teachers in opening the learning environments. Thus, the scientific interest of the process deals with teachers’ professional development. The concept of an open learning environment is defined through child-centredness. The learning environment is understood as factors that define the context of a learner’s studying and learning. The learning environment can be closed or open depending on how much control the learner has over the learning process. The research is a teaching experiment, aiming to develop new ideas. It is typical in such research that the research questions change during the process. This research also explored the determinants of the teaching space of a primary school teacher. The teaching space is the working context of a teacher. The model is built of different components: society, school, teacher’s thinking, pupils, parents, supporting networks, premises, and materials. The data consist of teachers’ interviews and researcher’s notes on classroom and planning activities. The data was analysed using the grounded theory procedure. The data analysis resulted a data-based teaching space model built of 48 concepts. The analysis continued by searching for links between these concepts. The emerging links were studied from the perspective of teaching, ii Matti Lattu teacher’s work and change in thinking. The key concepts in the teaching were planning, learning material and time. The teacher’s work was wrapped around the teacher’s confidence and uncertainty. The results suggest that the opening of learning environment could be best supported by actions targeted to the use of time and learning material. The use of time especially can be restructured on the level of school. One of the eleven teachers changed his/her teaching radically during the experiment. The rest of the teachers got positive experiences of the open learning experiments. According to the data, teachers shape their insight into learning process through their own experiences. Thus, it appears that the change in teachers’ thinking cannot be accelerated by intensive support, which was attempted in this project. There are several directions for further research. We should obtain more knowledge of phenomena behind the key concepts, as well as their interplay. New ways to produce desired experiences for practising teachers should be innovated and experimented with. Also, the model can be used as such in forming a shared framework for teacher development projects. Keywords: teaching space, school change, teacher’s professional development, learning environment, child-centredness, teaching, teacher’s work, grounded theory, teaching experiment The School from the Teacher’s Perspective iii Helsingin yliopisto, Kasvatustieteellinen tiedekunta Opettajankoulutuslaitos Tutkimuksia 246 Matti Lattu Koulu opettajan näkökulmasta: Yhdentoista muutosorientoituneen opettajan toimintatila Tiivistelmä Tämä tutkimusraportti kuvailee täydennyskoulutusprojektin, jossa yksitois- ta vapaaehtoista ala-asteen luokanopettajaa tekivät intensiivistä yhteistyötä tutkijan kanssa yhden lukuvuoden ajan. Tutkija tapasi kutakin opettajaa joka toinen viikko. Tärkeimmät yhteistyön muodot olivat suunnittelu, aiempien tapahtumien reflektointi ja yhteisopetus. Projektin tavoitteena oli tukea opet- tajien tarjoaman oppimisympäristön avaamista. Tutkimustavoite liittyy opet- tajien ammatilliseen kehittymiseen. Avoimen oppimisympäristön käsite määritellään lapsikeskeisyyden kautta. Oppimisympäristö käsitetään oppijan opiskelun ja oppimisen kontekstin tekijöiksi. Oppimisympäristö voi olla suljettu tai avoin riippuen siitä kuinka paljon oppija itse voi ohjata omaa oppimisprosessiaan. Tutkimusta voi parhaiten kutsua opetuskokeeksi, joka pyritään kehittämään uusia ajatuksia. Tällaiselle tutkimukselle on tyypillistä tutkimusongelmien muuttuminen tutkimushankkeen aikana. Uusien ideoiden kehittämisen lisäksi tutkimus hahmottelee ala-asteen luokanopettajan toimintatilan tekijöitä. Toimintatilalla tarkoitetaan opettajan työn ympäristöä. Malli rakentuu useiden eri komponenttien varaan, joita ovat yhteiskunta, koulu, opettajan ajattelu, oppilaat, vanhemmat, muut tukitahot, tilat ja oppimateriaali. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu opettajien haastatteluista ja tutkijan opetustapahtumista ja suunnittelutuokioista tekemistä muistiinpanoista. Aineiston analyysissä hyödynnettiin aineistolähtöisen analyysin (grounded theory) käytänteitä. iv Matti Lattu Aineiston analyysi tuotti 48 käsitteestä rakentuvan mallin opettajan toimintaympäristöstä. Analyysiä jatkettiin etsimällä näiden käsitteiden välisiä yhteyksiä, joita tarkasteltiin opetuksen, opettajan työn ja ajattelun muutoksen näkökulmista. Opetuksen avainkäsitteitä olivat suunnittelu, oppimateriaali ja aika. Opettajan työ rakentui varmuuden ja epävarmuuden ympärille. Tutkimustulosten mukaan oppimisympäristön avaamista voitaisiin parhaiten tukea ajan ja oppimateriaalin kautta. Erityisesti ajankäyttöä voidaan koulun tasolla. Yksi tutkimukseen osallistuneista opettajista muutti opetustaan radikaalisti opetusjakson aikana. Muut opettajat saivat oppimisympäristön avaamiseen liittyvistä kokeiluista positiivisia kokemuksia. Aineiston perusteella opettajat muuttavat omia oppimisprosessia koskevia käsityksiään omien kokemustensa perusteella. Vaikuttaa siltä, että opettajien ajattelun muutosta ei voida nopeuttaa tekemällä tukea intensiivisemmäksi, mikä oli tämän projektin leimallinen ominaisuus. Toimintatilaa määrittävän mallin jatkotutkimuksissa tulisi selvittää havaittujen avainkäsitteiden takana olevia ilmiöitä ja niiden välisiä suhteita. Lisäksi tulisi kehittää ja tutkia uusia tapoja luoda opettajille niitä positiivisia kokemuksia, jotka voivat johtaa haluttuihin muutoksiin heidän toimintatilas- saan. Kehitettyä mallia voidaan jatkotutkimusten lisäksi hyödyntää vastaavien kehitysprojektien viitekehyksenä. Avainsanat: opettajan toimintatila, koulun muutos, opettajan ammatillinen kehitys, oppimisympäristö, lapsikeskeisyys, opetus, opettajan työ, grounded theory, opetuskokeilu, The School from the Teacher’s Perspective v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although the researchers would like to think that their achievements are due to their own excellency, this is unfortunately seldom the whole truth. First I would like to thank professor Veijo Meisalo, who has devoted his time for guiding me with my work. He and professor Jari Lavonen are the ones to blame that I gave up the safe career as a teacher and continued my studies in education. During the last few years we have worked together with a number of articles and I have gained a lot from these discussions. Along with these two, M.Sc Kalle Juuti helped me to improve my manuscript by his troubling questions during the last weeks of my work. My pre-examiners, PhD Jouni Viiri (University of Joensuu) and professor Varpu Eloranta (Uni- versity of Turku) spent their valuable summertime to give me new ideas for the final straight. The researchers of natural and engineering sciences often joke that the humanistic research is cheap for the society. All you need to buy is a pencil and a notebook and there it goes. However, these comics do not realise that you need a room and food as well. The room has been arranged by the Department of Teacher Education at the University of Helsinki and the food has been provided by three foundations: Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Research Foundation of University of Helsinki, and Finnish Cultural Foundation. I do not know what professors Veijo Meisalo and Juhani Hytönen wrote to my references, but they seemed to be very effective in getting economic support for my work. During the last months I have been employed by the Faculty of Education, which agreed for a part-time work for the time needed to finish the manuscript. During the time I have had the privilege to be supported by Dogman Media Oy, which has provided me a peaceful yet inspiring space to work. While doing the empirical phase of this study I spent one academic year among 11 class teachers. Although I hope the teachers gained something from our co-operation, I still believe that it is me who remained as the debtor in these relationships. Without the help of the teachers there would not be data and without data there is no science. My thanks go also to the teachers’ colleagues and

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