Index 9/11 Commission, 2, 109, Anti-terrorism, Crime, and 112–113 Security Act of 2001 9/11 Commission Report, The, 1, 2, (ATCSA), 128–131, 140, 144 3, 85, 113 Part IV, 129–130 Application Registration Cards (ARCs), 141 Arar, Maher, 153n.24 A Argentina, 62, 64 A and Others v. the Home Arrigo, Jean, 166n.79 Secretary, 131 Article 16 See United Nations Abu Ghraib, 3, 32, 124, 149n.2, Convention Against Torture 150n.3, 152, 162–163, 168 assassination ban (United Abu Hamza, Sheikh, 147 States), 7, 59, 60, 61, 64; see Abu Jihad, 62 also targeted killing, Advisory Committee on the Ashcroft, John, 98 Internment of Rebels, 125 attorney general (United States), Afghanistan, 10, 31–32, 54, 62, 11–12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 34–35, 63, 149, 152, 154–155 36, 51, 52, 57, 58, 70, 71, 72, Algeria, 167, 168, 171, 172 73, 74, 173; see also Attorney al-Harethi, Qaed Salim sinan, 64 General’s Guidelines for crimi- al-Qaida, 54, 55, 60, 62, 106, 130, nal or national security inves- 152, 155, 163 tigations; Attorney General’s al-Sadeq, Abdallah, 134 Guidelines on crimes, racket- al-Shahwani, Mohammed eering, and terrorism enter- Abdullah, 135 prise Amnesty International, 120, 121, Asylum, Immigration, and 129 Nationality Act of 2002, 147 Attorney General’s Guidelines for criminal or national 184 | PROTECTING LIBERTY IN AN AGE OF TERROR security investigations, 83, Campaign for Nuclear 90 Disarmament (CND), 144 Attorney General’s Guidelines Central Intelligence Agency on crimes, racketeering, and (CIA), 37, 60, 107, 150 terrorism enterprise, 95–96, Charter 88, 139, 140, 141 97, 98, 99 Chavez v. Martinez, 161–162, 163, Auld, Jim, 120 176 Aussaresses, Paul, 167 Chile, 62 Authorization for Use of Churchill, Sir Winston, 140 Military Force (AUMF), 41 Clarke, Charles, 129 Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA), 15, 19, 44, 46, 53, 55–56 B coercive interrogations, 11–13, Bach, Lord, 124 31–35, 119–125; see also high- Bagram air base, 152 ly coercive interrogations; tor- Ballykinler, 126 ture, coercive interrogations Barder, Sir Brian, 131 and Beck, Adrian, 141 admissibility in U.S. trials, 13 bin Laden, Osama, 60, 64 Congressional power and biometric identification (bId), oversight, 32, 33 85, 86–91 emergency exception, 13, 33 impermissible demands for, executive powers, 32, 33 89–91 individual remedies, 13 passports and, 88–89 probable cause and, 12 permissible demands for, U.S. treaty and statutory com- 87–89 mitments, 11, 33–34 Blair, Tony, 137 Collins, Michael, 125 Blunkett, David, 129, 139–140 Colombia, 61 Bowden, Mark, 61 Colville of Culross, Viscount, British Intelligence Centre, 120 128 British Irish Rights Watch, 135 Combatant Status Review Bush, George W., 54 Tribunal, 41 Compton, Sir Edmund, 121 Compton Report, 121 Congress, 9–10, 12, 13, 32, 33, C 36, 42, 49, 51, 52, 61, 65, 76, Cahill, Joe, 126–127 81–82, 94, 95, 109, 111–114, Cambone, Stephen, 153n.25 115–116, 150n.6, 151, 154, 158–160 INDEX | 185 Coughlin, Con, 135 deprivation of light, 150 courts-martial, 19, 54, 55, 56, 57, deprivation of medical treat- 58 ment, 150, 152, 154, 161, 162, Crawford v. Washington, 57 163, 176 Criminal Justice and Public deprivation of sleep, 120, 124, Order Act of 1994, 145 154, 157, 161, 162, 164, 168, “cruel, inhuman, or degrading 172, 174, 176 treatment,” 11, 33, 34, 154, Diplock Commission, 127 156–157, 159–160, 163–164, Diplock, Lord, 127 171, 175n.108, 176; see also Dirty War, 134 torture, coercive interrogation distinctions based on group and; highly coercive interroga- membership See profiling tion (HCI) Dublin Easter Uprising (1916), 125, 126 Dubs, Lord, 128 due process, 11, 17, 33, 36, D 41–42, 50, 160–162, 175 Data Protection Act of 1998, 136 Death on the Rock, 133 Defence of the Realm Act, 125 Defense Advanced Research E Projects Agency (DARPA), Egypt, 150, 153 76, 77 Eighth Amendment (U.S. Department of Defense, 12, 17, Constitution), 13, 33, 34, 38, 31, 32, 36, 37, 41, 49, 50, 54, 160–161, 174–175 57, 77, 150, 151, 152 Ellsberg, Daniel, 83 Department of Homeland Emergency Powers Act (1973), Security, 85, 88, 116 126, 127–128 Department of Homeland Escobar, Pablo, 61 Security Inspector General, European Commission on 116 Human Rights, 122–123 Department of Justice, 12, 30, European Convention on 32, 36, 93, 96, 103, 105–106, Human Rights, 121, 122, 114, 115, 116, 151; see also 129, 133, 135, 138, 146 Federal Bureau of European Court of Human Investigation (FBI) Rights (ECHR), 119, Department of Justice Inspector 123–124, 133, 157–158, 160, General, 114, 115, 116 163, 165 deprivation of food and water, Executive Order 12333, 60 120, 124, 150, 154, 157, 176 186 | PROTECTING LIBERTY IN AN AGE OF TERROR executive power, counterterror- Fourteenth Amendment (U.S. ism and, 1–3, 5–10, 32, 33, Constitution), 13, 33, 34, 38, 35, 38, 42, 45, 60–61, 65, 74, 160, 161, 162, 174–175 111, 114–117, 154, 176, Fourth Amendment (U.S. extraordinary measures, Constitution), 69, 80, 83 109–117 France, 97, 167, 168, 171 defined, 109 Frongoch internment camp, 125, effectiveness of, 109, 111 126 oversight and review, 109–116 Congressional, 109, 111–114, 115–116 executive, 111, 114–117 G judicial, 109–110 Gardiner, Lord, 122 nonpartisan congressional General Accountability Office commission, 111–114, 115 (GAO), 2, 113, 115–116 transparency, 109–110 General Security Service (GSS), Israel, 158, 165, 177 Geneva Conventions, 11, 14, 17, 19, 20, 31, 33, 42, 43, 49, 50, F 56, 62, 124, 151n.11, 153, Farrakhan, Louis, 147 154–155, 172, 173–174, 175 Faulkner, Brian, 119n.3, 126 Gibraltar, 133 Federal Bureau of Investigation Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 162 (FBI), 27, 37, 83, 94–96, 98, Giorgio, Jerry, 166–167 106, 115, 116 Girdwood Park, 126 Ferrers, Earl, 142 Guantanamo Bay, 41, 53, 54, Fifth Amendment (U.S. 151; see also coercive interro- Constitution), 13, 17, 33, 34, gation 38, 39, 50, 160, 161n.56, Guatemala, 64 174–175 Guidance Regarding the Use of First Amendment (U.S. Race by Federal Law Constitution), 93, 97, 98, 104 Enforcement Agencies, 103, Foreign Intelligence 105–106 Surveillance Act (FISA), 22, 69, 71, 72, 73, 104 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance (FISA) Courts, H 18, 24, 51–52, 77, 82 habeas corpus, 6, 17, 41, 48, 49–50, 131 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 41, 42 INDEX | 187 Headquarters Mobile Support Hussein, Saddam, 135, 174 Unit (HMSU), 132 Heath, Edward, 122, 124, 126n.41 Heseltine, Sir Michael, 133 I highly coercive interrogation identification of individuals, (HCI), 12, 13, 35–39, 171–177 85–91 admissibility in U.S. trials, 39 access to sensitive resources defined, 175–176 and locations, 87–89 due process and, 173–174, 175 biometric identification (bId), emergency exception, 38–39 85, 86–91 executive powers, 35, 38, 176 impermissible demands for, guidelines, 12, 36–37, 171–177 89–91 individual remedies, 39 passports and, 88–89 judicial determinations and, permissible demands for, 37 87–89 non-U.S. persons, 38–39 false identification, 85 probable cause, 35–36 nonfederal agencies and, 87, treaty obligations, 172, 173, 88, 89, 90 176 Immigration Act of 1971, Hogg, Douglas, 134 129n.57, 147 home secretary, 129–130, 131, Immigration and Asylum Act of 143, 144, 147 1999, 147 hooding, 120, 124–125, 150, 154, Immigration and Nationality 157, 158, 161, 162, 168, 172, Act of 2002, 147 174, 175 Immigration Law Practitioners Hoon, Geoff, 124–125 Association, 131 House Armed Services indefinite detention, 14–18, Committee, 12 41–52, 125–131, 154 House Intelligence Committee, access to attorney, 14, 16, 44, 12, 23, 29, 36, 61, 73, 111, 114 46, 47, 48 House Judiciary Committee, 12, administrative detention with- 27, 95 out trial, 44–45 House of Commons, 129, 141 compensation and, 15, 44 House of Lords, 129, 131 Congressional powers and, 42, Hughes, Simon, 142 49, 51, 52 Human Rights Act (1998), 131, detention hearings, 14–15, 16, 138, 146 44, 47 Human Rights Derogation due process and, 17, 41, 50 Order, 129 enemy combatant status, 41 188 | PROTECTING LIBERTY IN AN AGE OF TERROR executive power and, 42 transactions and, 76 international law and, 48 Inland Revenue, 139 judicial jurisdiction and, 48 Inspector General Act of 1978 judicial warrants and, 18, 46, (IG Act), 115 51 inspectors general (IGs), non-U.S. persons, 15–16, 18, 114–117 41, 43, 47–48 intercepted communications, outside United States, 15–16, 69–74 18, 43; see also indefinite Fourth Amendment (U.S. detention, zones of active com- Constitution), 69 bat and non-content information, probable cause, 14, 45, 47, 48 73–74 special advocate and, 16, 44, non-U.S. persons, 69, 71–73 46, 47, 130 probable cause, 70, 71, 72 speedy trial and, 15, 44, 45, 46, unintended acquisitions, 73 48 U.S. persons and, 69–74 trial jurisdiction, 16 within the United States, 69, treaty obligations and, 17 70–73 U.S. national security law and, Intelligence Company, 132 43 Intelligence and Security U.S. persons, 14, 41, 42–47 Committee (ISC), 143 within the United States, 14, International Covenant on Civil 18, 42–47 and Political Rights zones of active combat and, (ICCPR), 61, 156 16–18, 42, 49–51 Iran, 63 zone of active combat, Iraq, 3, 10, 31, 32, 63, 64, defined, 50 124–125, 135, 151, 154–155; information collection, 3, 75–84, see also Abu Ghraib 136–139 Iraqi National Accord (INA), Congress and, 76, 81–82 135 individualized data and, Iraqi Special Security 82–83 Organization, 136 judicial authorization and Ireland v. United Kingdom, 123, warrants, 77, 81–82 157–158, 165 Nixon administration, 83 Ireland, Republic of, 122 pattern recognition and, 75, Irish National Liberation Army 76, 77, 78–80 (INLA), 132 oversight, 81–82 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 5, required security concerning 119, 122, 123, 126, 127, delivery, 84 157–158 INDEX | 189 Irish Republican Brotherhood, Massu, Jacques, 167 125 Mathews v.