Log in | Register Journal Separation Science and Technology Volume 53, 2018 - Issue 14 169 0 0 Views CrossRef citations to date Altmetric Original Articles Techniques for the extraction of phytosterols and their benefits in human health: a review Uddin MS, Sahena Ferdosh, Md. Jahurul Haque Akanda, Kashif Ghafoor, Rukshana A.H., Md. Eaqub Ali, ... show all Pages 2206-2223 | Received 29 Sep 2017, Accepted 15 Mar 2018, Published online: 04 Apr 2018 Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1454472 Select Language ▼ Translator disclaimer ABSTRACT This review summarizes the information on the health-promoting eects of phytosterols and the techniques for their extraction. The extraction and analysis processes of phytosterols are complex and have not been fully established. Phytosterols have signicant roles in the areas of foods, nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Free phytosterols extracted from plant sources are widely used in fortied foods and dietary supplements. Most phytosterols are extracted from plant matrices using organic solvents which are health and environmental hazards. However, the application of supercritical uid in the extraction of phytosterols has oered a promising green technology in overcoming the limitations of conventional extraction. KEYWORDS: Techniques, phytosterols, conventional and non-conventional extraction, health benet Additional information Funding The research was partially supported by research initiative grant scheme [RIGS16-397-0561] of International Islamic University Malaysia. Login options Separation Science and Technology ISSN: 0149-6395 (Print) 1520-5754 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lsst20 Techniques for the extraction of phytosterols and their benefits in human health: a review Uddin MS, Sahena Ferdosh, Md. Jahurul Haque Akanda, Kashif Ghafoor, Rukshana A.H., Md. Eaqub Ali, B. Y. Kamaruzzaman, Fauzi M. B., Hadijah S., Sharifudin Shaarani & Md. Zaidul Islam Sarker To cite this article: Uddin MS, Sahena Ferdosh, Md. Jahurul Haque Akanda, Kashif Ghafoor, Rukshana A.H., Md. Eaqub Ali, B. Y. Kamaruzzaman, Fauzi M. B., Hadijah S., Sharifudin Shaarani & Md. Zaidul Islam Sarker (2018): Techniques for the extraction of phytosterols and their benefits in human health: a review, Separation Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1454472 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1454472 Published online: 04 Apr 2018. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=lsst20 SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1454472 Techniques for the extraction of phytosterols and their benefits in human health: a review Uddin MSa,b, Sahena Ferdoshc, Md. Jahurul Haque Akandad, Kashif Ghafoore, Rukshana A.H.f, Md. Eaqub Alig, B. Y. Kamaruzzamand, Fauzi M. B.a,h, Hadijah S.a, Sharifudin Shaaranic, and Md. Zaidul Islam Sarkera aFaculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; bDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; cFaculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; dFaculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; eDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; fDepartment of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Foy’s Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh; gNanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NanoCat), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; hDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology & Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Selangor DE, Malaysia ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY This review summarizes the information on the health-promoting effects of phytosterols and the Received 29 September 2017 techniques for their extraction. The extraction and analysis processes of phytosterols are complex Accepted 15 March 2018 and have not been fully established. Phytosterols have significant roles in the areas of foods, KEYWORDS nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Free phytosterols extracted from plant sources are Techniques; phytosterols; widely used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. Most phytosterols are extracted from conventional and non- plant matrices using organic solvents which are health and environmental hazards. However, the conventional extraction; application of supercritical fluid in the extraction of phytosterols has offered a promising green health benefit technology in overcoming the limitations of conventional extraction. Introduction them, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol are more abundant in nature. Other phytosterols, such as Plant sterols, generally known as phytosterols, are nat- brassicasterol, Δ5-avenasterol, sitostanol, and campesta- ural and bioactive compounds representing a diverse nol, are found in minor quantities and are present in group of triterpenes. Phytosterols are present in all almost all plants. In nature, plant sterols exist as free plant cell membranes and are especially enriched in sterols or conjugates of fatty acid esters, glycosides, and vegetable oils and fats, cereals and cereal products, vege- acetylated glycosides.[8,9] As a natural component of tables, fruits, and berries.[1] In addition to herbaceous plant lipids, phytosterols have gained much attention plants and oilseeds, the waste of industrial processing of in reducing the serum cholesterol level in humans, as softwood and hardwood (tall pitch and sulfate soap) are well as the risk of heart disease.[10,11] In addition, phy- important sources of phytosterols. These phytosterols [2–4] tosterols have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiul- contain 10 to 15% phytostanols. Almost unexplored – cerative, and antitumor properties.[12 14] Plaza et al.[15] new natural sources of phytosterols are at present gain- reported that foods enriched with phytosterols promote ing much attention such as microalgae.[5] Phytosterols consumer health and prevent different diseases. are essential components of the cell membrane lipid Various chromatographic techniques can quickly bilayer.[6] They consist of 28 or 29 carbon atoms in the analyze bioactive compounds. However, their efficien- main structure and resemble cholesterol both in struc- cies may depend on the extraction methods, including ture (four ring steroid nucleus, 3β-hydroxyl group, and various extraction parameters, the nature of the com- often a 5,6-double bond) and function (stabilization of pound of interest, and the plant matrix. Qualitative and phospholipid bilayers in cell membranes). Most phytos- quantitative studies of bioactive compounds from plant terols have a side chain composed of nine to ten carbon materials mainly rely on the selection of proper extrac- atoms whereas cholesterol has a side chain composed of tion methods.[16] Until now, extraction techniques have eight carbon atoms. More than 200 types of phytosterols been investigated to recover valuable natural have been found in various plant species.[7] Among CONTACT Md. Zaidul Islam Sarker [email protected] Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia. Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/lsst. © 2018 Taylor & Francis 2 U. MS. ET AL. compounds from plants for commercialization. Since additives.[28] The mode of action of phytosterols is phytosterols are lipids in nature, various extraction not accurately understood. However, two theories methods can be used to extract these non-polar com- have been considered for lowering the cholesterol pounds. Currently, various conventional and non-con- level in blood plasma. The first theory states that the ventional techniques are used to extract compounds of marginally soluble cholesterol in the intestines is pre- interest from different plant matrices. Among the con- cipitated by the presence of added phytosterols and can, ventional extraction methods, Soxhlet extraction is the therefore, not be absorbed by the intestinal cells. The most favorable method and is still considered a refer- second theory declares that for absorption into the ence to newly developed methods. However, the blood stream through intestinal cells, cholesterol has organic solvents used in conventional extraction tech- to enter mixed micelles consisting of bile salts and niques are harmful to human health as well as the phospholipids in which cholesterol is marginally solu- environment. As a result of the use of large amounts ble and is displaced by phytosterols resulting in the of organic solvents in conventional extraction, the prevention of cholesterol absorption.[9,25] A recent demand for new technologies has increased to reduce report showed that phytosterols also inhibit the synth- the use of organic solvents and provide some advan- esis of 27-hydroxycholesterol and, hence, reduce cho- tages over conventional extraction techniques. The lesterol absorption.[29] In another study by Francavilla extraction techniques have extensively been reviewed et al.,[5] a neuromodulatory action of Dunaliella tertio- elsewhere with the emphasis on the extraction