National Quail Symposium Proceedings Volume 6 Article 47 2009 An Evaluation of Short-term Mesocarnivore Control for Increasing Hatch Rate in Northern Bobwhites Eddie K. Lyons Texas A&M University Jason Frost Angelo State University Dale Rollins Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas Cody Scott Angelo State University Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/nqsp Recommended Citation Lyons, Eddie K.; Frost, Jason; Rollins, Dale; and Scott, Cody (2009) "An Evaluation of Short-term Mesocarnivore Control for Increasing Hatch Rate in Northern Bobwhites," National Quail Symposium Proceedings: Vol. 6 , Article 47. Available at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/nqsp/vol6/iss1/47 This Survival and Predation is brought to you for free and open access by Volunteer, Open Access, Library Journals (VOL Journals), published in partnership with The University of Tennessee (UT) University Libraries. This article has been accepted for inclusion in National Quail Symposium Proceedings by an authorized editor. For more information, please visit https://trace.tennessee.edu/nqsp. Lyons et al.: An Evaluation of Short-term Mesocarnivore Control for Increasing Effects of Predation on Northern Bobwhite Nests An Evaluation of Short-term Mesocarnivore Control for Increasing Hatch Rate in Northern Bobwhites Eddie K. Lyons1,4, Jason Frost2, Dale Rollins3, Ben Taylor3, Cody Scott2 1Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA 2Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX 76909 3Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, San Angelo, TX, 76901, USA We evaluated the efficacy of short-term trapping on scent-station visitation rates for some nest predators and survival of artificial nests with chicken eggs at 4 sites in west Texas from 1998-2001. Trapping of predators was conducted with cage traps for 30 days just prior to nest initiation (mid-May through mid-June) at a trap density of 1 trap/20 ha. Each site included a treatment (trapped) and control (non-trapped) area that comprised ap- proximately 250 ha. Scent stations were employed before and after trapping to assess impacts of trapping on predator activity/abundance. Simulated nests (using 3 chicken eggs) were established 1-2 days after trapping ended, and monitored weekly to estimate visitation rate. We removed an average of 69 mesomammals per year (n = 274 across all sites), within a 30-day-trapping period. We detected no consistent declines in scent-station visitation rates of target species before or after trapping. We did not detect an increase in survival of artificial nests. We conclude that short-term trapping efforts on small areas used in this study did not reduce the overall predator community enough to affect scent-station visitation rates or survival of artificial nests. Citation: Lyons EK, Frost J, Rollins D, Taylor B, Scott C. 2009. An evaluation of short-term mesocarnivore control for increasing hatch rate in north- ern bobwhites. Pages 447 - 455 in Cederbaum SB, Faircloth BC, Terhune TM, Thompson JJ, Carroll JP, eds. Gamebird 2006: Quail VI and Perdix XII. 31 May - 4 June 2006. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, GA, USA. Key words: Colinus virginianus, mesomammal abundance, nesting success, northern bobwhite, predator control, Rolling Plains, Texas Introduction year-long predator control had little effect on quail Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus, hereafter survival and nesting success (Beasom 1974, Guthery bobwhite) populations have declined over most of and Beasom 1977). their historic range since 1980 (Sauer et al. 2001) and Given the potential impacts of nest predation at an average of 4.9% annually since 1981 in Texas. by mesomammals (Rollins and Carroll 2001), we Although reasons for the decline are unclear, fac- tested the efficacy of short-term-selective-predator tors implicated in this decline include habitat frag- trapping immediately before nesting season as a mentation, land-use changes, weather patterns, fire means of increasing survival of simulated nests. ants (Solonopsis invicta), and an increase in meso- Predator control efforts usually have little impact mammal predators (Rollins and Carroll 2001, Rollins on long-term mesomammal densities (Balser et al. 2002, Brennan et al. 2005). 1968). However, intensive predator control efforts Nest survival of bobwhites reported in the litera- immediately before nesting season may offer a win- ture averaged 28% (Rollins and Carroll 2001) and oc- dow of opportunity for quail to nest with reduced casionally nesting success is <20% because of depre- disturbance from predators. We assessed survival dation (Lehmann 1984, Ortega et al. 1998, Sloan et al. of artificial nests on trapped and non-trapped ar- 1998, Clawson and Rotella 1998). Given the im- eas and changes in predator populations following pact of predation on quail survival and nesting suc- short-term control efforts. cess, it seems logical that intensive predator control would increase quail density. However, previous re- search in South Texas demonstrated that intensive 4Correspondence: eddielyons [email protected] Gamebird 2006 j Athens, GA j USA 447 May 31 - June 4, 2006 1 National Quail Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 6 [2009], Art. 47 Effects of Predation on Northern Bobwhite Nests Study Area was in the middle of a pasture approximately 800 Study 1. 1998-1999. ha in size. Trapped areas were separated from non- This study was conducted in Tom Green and trapped areas by 2.0 km. Sand plum (Prunus gra- Coke counties, Texas. This study was conducted us- cilis), little bluestem (Schizacharium scoparium), and ing 2 sites, each with 2 study plots (trapped and non- mesquite were common. Pecan (Carya illinoensis) trapped) in 1998 and then repeated with new study and live oak (Quercus virginiana) dominated the ri- sites in 1999. Each study plot was approximately 250 parian lowlands. Annual precipitation was 95.3 cm ha and was separated by ≥3.0 km. in 2000, and was 11.7 cm above 30-year normals as Site 1 (Angelo State University Management, In- reported by the National Weather Service at Weath- struction, and Research Center) was located approx- erford, Texas. imately 6 km north of San Angelo in Tom Green Coleman County - All sites were grazed by cattle County, Texas. Site 2 (North Concho Ranch) was lo- and dominated by mesquite and prickly pear. As cated approximately 13 km north of San Angelo in a result of drought, low numbers of bunchgrasses Tom Green County, Texas. Site 3 (Johnson Ranch) were present, and most areas in 2001 were domi- was located approximately 6 km northwest of Wa- nated by annual forbs such as broomweed (Xantho- ter Valley in Coke County, Texas. Site 4 (Clark and cephalum dracunculoides), and basketflower (Centau- D Cross ranches) was located approximately 4 km rea americana), and annual grasses (Bromus spp. and northwest of Water Valley in Coke and Tom Green Hordeum pusillum). Annual precipitation was 69.9 counties, Texas. All sites were rangeland dominated cm in 2001, as reported by the National Weather Ser- by an overstory of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandu- vice in Coleman, Texas. losa var. glandulosa) and understory of mixed grasses Methods [mostly tobosa grass (Hilaria mutica)], curly mesquite Mesomammal Control (Hilaria belangeri), and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia We targeted specific mesocarnivores such as rac- spp.). Thirty-year normals for Coke and Tom Green coons (Procyon lotor) and skunks (Mephitis mephitis) counties indicate that Study 1 was completed dur- for removal using the most humane means avail- ing a drought. Annual precipitation was 32.9 cm in able (e.g., cage traps). Coyotes (Canis latrans) and 1998, in Tom Green County and 34.3 cm in 1999, as bobcats (Lynx rufus) were not targeted because their reported by the National Weather Service at Mathis home range encompassed areas greater than the Field, San Angelo, Texas. Precipitation for 1999 in study sites. Trapping methods also did not facilitate Coke County was 36.2 cm as reported by the Na- the capture of larger carnivores. Trapping methods tional Weather Service at Water Valley, Texas. were constrained by landowner requirements. For Study 2. 2000-2001. example, spotlighting or calling for predators, such The second study was initiated in Parker County, as skunks and coyotes was not allowed. Texas, in 2000 and replicated in Coleman County, Trapping was initiated just prior to the nesting Texas in 2001. season of bobwhites (i.e., late-April) and continued Parker County - Site 1 was enclosed within a 2.0- for 30 days. In 2000, trapping was extended 4 days m chain-link ”game-proof” fence. This pasture is as a result of flooding. Cage traps (36 cm x 36 cm approximately 600 ha and was used for grazing by x 122 cm) were placed along pasture roads across cattle and exotic ungulates. Study plot 1 of site 2 each trapped area at a density of approximately 1 was located in a 1,900-ha pasture used solely for cat- trap/20 ha. Chicken eggs were used as bait for tle grazing. Study plot 2 of site 2 was located on the first 15-day period of trapping, while canned a separate portion of the ranch about 20 km south- cat food was used during the second 15-day pe- west of the main ranch property. The treatment area riod. Traps were checked daily between 0700-1000 May 31 - June 4, 2006 448 Gamebird 2006 j Athens, GA j USA 2 Lyons et al.: An Evaluation of Short-term Mesocarnivore Control for Increasing Effects of Predation on Northern Bobwhite Nests hours. Mesomammals were sacrificed with a .22 ri- ing the definitions by Lehmann (1984). A prickly fle to the base of the skull under an animal use proto- pear was deemed suitable for nesting if it was >1 col approved by the Care of Animal Laboratory and m in size and had grass growing inside the plant Wildlife Use Committee at Texas A&M University (Slater et al.