Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses : Honours Theses 2001 Video compression using wavelets and hierarchical motion estimation Andrew Peter Byrne Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons Part of the Signal Processing Commons, Software Engineering Commons, and the Theory and Algorithms Commons Recommended Citation Byrne, A. P. (2001). Video compression using wavelets and hierarchical motion estimation. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/343 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/343 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. 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Video Compression Using Wavelets and Hierarchical Motion Estimation Andrew Peter Byrne Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Systems) Faculty of Communication, 1-!ealth and Science Edith Cowan University Abstract This thesis investigates the benefits and the significant compression that can be obtained from data that has been decomposed using a wavelet transform. A video compression algorithm was developed that employs the wavelet transform and a hierarchical motion estimation algorithm which itself utilises benefits of the wavelet transform. Using MATLAB, a popular software tool for matrix based computation and analysis, several functions were developed which together formed the video compression algorithm. A variety of tests were conducted on a sample video sequence to ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques employed. The results, although not the same as the main comparison (MPEG- 1 ), show that the wavelet transform does have a huge potential for application in the area of video compression. The quality of the output also has advantages over OCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) based compression algorithms. One of the main outcomes is an awareness that the wavelet transform and the hierarchical motion estimation algorithm do provide significant compressibility, however the overheads need to be reduced as much as possible to ensure viability. There is still plenty of room for improvement and enhancement of the results achieved in this thesis. The potential benefits of wavelet based video compression are endless. With this being the early stages of the Information Era, compression (in particular video) is becoming increasingly important on a daily basis. 2 I certify that this thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: (i) incorporate without acknowledgment any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education; (ii) contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text; or (iii) contain any defamatory material. Signed: 3 Acknowledgments I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor, Associate Professor Abdesselam Bouzerdoum, for his support and guidance throughout the year. He was also generous enough to lend me several of his books and journals that greatly assisted me whilst researching and writing this thesis. Thank you also to Dr Douglas Chai who provided me with a few excellent Internet references from which I was able to find many sources of valuable information. Finally, I would like to acknowledge all the lecturers who have taught me over the past five years. This thesis is the culmination of everything I have learned, whether it is directly related to this topic, or other fields that have given me the ability to apply myself to this type of research. Once again, thank you to everyone at Edith Cowan University. 4 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..........................................................................................................................4 INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABl.l:S ...........................................•.......................................................... 7 ABBREVIAT IONS ..................................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER I - AN INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE AND VIDEO COMPRESSION ..........................9 l. I ll\TRODUCTI01'.............................. ...........................................•.......................................................... 9 1.2 COMPRESSION ................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 A BRIEi' HISTORICAL OVERVIEW .....................•.................•.....•........................................................ 11 1.3. I Image Co111pres.1·io11 ....... ........................................................................................................... I I /.3.2 Video Compression ............. II 1.4 TRAKSFORMCODII\Ci ........................................................................................................................ l 2 1.5 THE WAVELETTRAKSFORM .............................................................................................................. 13 1.6 TECHNIQUES USED Tl\ VIDEO COMPRESSION ..................................................................................... 14 /.6. I i\fo1io11 Es1ima1io11 ................................................................. .. 15 1.6.2 i\folio11 Compensalion..... .......................................................................................................... 15 1.7 Al\'OUTUNEor THISTHESIS AND [TS OBJECT[VES............................................................................ 16 CHAPTER 2 - AN IN-DEPTH LOOK AT IMAGE AND VIDEO COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES ...........................................................................................................•........................................................ 18 2.I IMAGECOMPRESSJON........................................................................................................................ 18 2. l. I The Wavelet Tran.vfOrm.............................................................................................................. 18 2. 1.1.1 Octave Bandpass Filtering........... .. ................................. ....................................................... 20 2.1.1.2 Multiresolution Analysis................................................. ........................................ .......... 23 2.1.1.3 The Haar Wavelet......................................................................... .. ........................................ 24 2.1.2 Quantisation ........................................................... .................................................................. 24 2. 1.3 Entropy Encoding Tech11iq11£'S .................................................................... .. ......................... 17 2.1.3.1 Run Length Encoding... ............... 27 2.1.3.2 Huffman Coding....................................................................... ................................. 28 2.1.3.3 A Summaty of the Encoding Techniques.. .. ..................... 30 2.2 VIDEO COMPRESSION ........................................................................................................................ 31 2.2. I /ltlotionEstimation ..................................................................................... ............................... 31 2.2.2 Motion Compensation............................................. ................................................................... 34 2.3 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER- THE CODEC ........................................................................................ 35 2.3. I Encoding ........................................................................................ ........................................... 35 2.3.2 Decoding............................................................................ ........................................................ 36 CHAPTER 3 - IMPLEMENTATION USING MATLAB ...........•........................................................37 3.1 CHOOSING MATLAB........................................................................................................................ 37 3.2 STRUCTURE OF THE ENCODIKG ALGORITHM.............. .......................................................................37