Design Standards for Trails & Bikeways 1.0 Introdu c tion… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ....4 1.1 INTENT & PURPOSE……………………………………………….…..4 1.2 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER GUIDELINES……………………...…4 1.3 POLICY STATEM ENT…………………………………………….….…4 2.0 Definitions and P rinc ip les of Trail and Bikeway Design… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ....6 2.1 TYPICAL BICYCLE AND RIDER CHARACTERISTICS………….....6 Group A: Advanced Bicyclists Group B: Basic Bicyclists Group C: Children 2.2 TYPICAL PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS…………………..…..6 2.3 DESIGN ISSUES……………………………………………………….....7 3.0 O n-street Bikeways… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ....8 3.1 BIKE ROUTES……………………………………………………….…...8 General Design Considerations Signing 3.2 BIKE LANES…………………………………………………………..….11 General Design Considerations Bike Lane W idths Signing and Pavement M arkings Bike Lanes at Intersections 3.3 ADDITIONAL ON-STREET DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS………18 Pavement Surface Quality Drainage Inlet Grates 3.4 M INIM UM BICYCLE COM PATIBILITY INDEX (BCI) CRITERIA ………………………………………………………………..18 Development of the BCI M odel Bicycling Level of Service Evaluating Proposed Facility Designs Using the BCI 4.0 H ard-Su rfac e M u lti-U se Trails… … … … … … … … … … … 22 4.1 CROSS SECTIONS………………………………………………………22 4.2 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS…………………………...23 4.3 HORIZONTAL CLEARANCES………………………………………..24 4.4 VERTICAL CLEARANCES………………………………………….….25 4.5 SURFACING……………………………………………………………...25 Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) Surfacing Asphalt Surfacing 4.6 DESIGN SPEEDS………………………………………………………..29 4.7 HORIZONTAL ALIGNM ENT AND SUPERELEVATION………...29 4.8 GRADES…………………………………………………………………..31 4.9 SIGHT DISTANCE………………………………………………………31 4.10 DRAINAGE……………………………………………………………….34 4.11 LIGHTING…………………………………………………………….....35 4.12 SIGNING AND M ARKING……………………………………………..35 C ity of Billings 1 Design Standards for Trails & Bikeways 5.0 Soft-Su rfac e Trails… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… 38 5.1 CROSS SECTIONS………………………………………………….…...38 5.2 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS……………………….…..38 5.3 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CLEARANCES……………..…….39 5.4 SURFACING…………………………………………………………..….39 5.5 DESIGN SPEEDS……………………………………………………..…39 5.6 HORIZONTAL ALIGNM ENT AND SUPERELEVATION……..….39 5.7 GRADES………………………………………………………………..…41 5.8 SIGHT DISTANCE…………………………………………………..…..41 5.9 DRAINAGE…………………………………………………………..…...41 6.0 Trail-R oadway Intersec tions… … … … … … … … … … ..… .43 6.1 M ID-BLOCK CROSSINGS…………………………………………..….43 6.2 ADJACENT TRAIL CROSSINGS…………………………………..…..44 6.3 COM PLEX INTERSECTION CROSSINGS………………………..…46 6.4 SIGHT DISTANCE…………………………………………………..…..46 6.5 SIGNING AND M ARKING…………………………………………..…46 6.6 REFUGE ISLANDS…………………………………………………..….49 6.7 GRADE-SEPARATED CROSSINGS………………………………..….49 6.8 RESTRICTION OF M OTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC……………..…...51 6.9 OTHER INTERSECTION DESIGN ISSUES……………………...….51 7.0 Traffic Signals… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 53 7.1 SIGNAL TIM ING………………………………………………….….….53 7.2 DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF BICYCLISTS……………….….54 7.3 ADJUSTING SIGNAL HEADS FOR BICYCLISTS…………………...55 8.0 Bic yc les at M odern R ou ndab ou ts… … … … … … … … … 56 9.0 Stru c tu res… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..58 9.1 BRIDGES…………………………………………………………………58 9.2 TUNNELS AND UNDERPASSES……………………………………..59 10 .0 R ailroad C rossings… … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … 60 11.0 A c c essib ility R eq u irem ents… … … … … … … … … … … … ..61 12.0 Bic yc le P arking F ac ilities… … … … … … … … … … … … … .63 12.1 SHORT-TERM FACILITIES…………………………………………..63 12.2 LONG-TERM FACILITIES……………………………………………63 12.3 DESIGN AND PLACEM ENT RECOM M ENDATIONS……………64 13.0 P arking L ot Design… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..65 R eferenc es… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .65 C ity of Billings 2 Design Standards for Trails & Bikeways L ist of F igu res :igure 2.1.1. Bicyclist Operating Space…………………………………………………7 Figure 3.1.1. Typical Bike Route Cross-Section………………………………………...9 Figure 3.1.2. Typical Bike Route Signing………………………………………………10 Figure 3.2.1. Typical Bike Lane Cross-Sections………………………………………..12 Figure 3.2.2. Typical Bike Lane M arkings……………………………………………...14 Figure 3.2.3. Typical Bike Lane M arkings at Four-W ay Intersections………………..15 Figure 3.2.4. Typical Bike Lane Striping at T-Intersections…………………………..16 Figure 3.2.5. Bike Lane Options at Right-Turn-Only Lanes………………………….17 Figure 4.1.1. Typical Connector Trail Cross-Section……………………………….….22 Figure 4.1.2. Typical Hard-Surface Park Trail Cross-Section………………………....23 Figure 4.3.1. Horizontal and Vertical Clearance for M ulti-Use Trails…………….….24 Figure 4.3.2. Obstruction M arkings………………………………………………….…25 Figure 4.5.1. Typical Hard-Surfacing Cross-Section……………………………….….26 Figure 4.9.1. M inimum Stopping Sight Distance vs. Grade for Various Design Speeds………………………………………………………….….32 Figure 4.12.1. Sign Placement on M ulti-Use Trails………………………………….….36 Figure 4.12.2. Centerline M arkings for M ulti-Use Trails……………………………….37 Figure 5.1.1. Typical Soft-Surface Park Trail Cross-Section…………………………..38 Figure 5.4.1. Typical Soft-Surface Cross-Section………………………………………40 Figure 6.1.1. Typical Redesign of a Diagonal Road Crossing………………………...44 Figure 6.2.1. Adjacent Trail Intersection……………………………………………….45 Figure 6.5.1. Typical Signing and Striping for M id-block Trail Crossing……………47 Figure 6.5.2. Typical Signing and Striping for Trail Ending Intersection with Roadway……………………………………………………………...48 Figure 6.6.1. Typical Refuge Area for M id-block Crossings…………………………..50 Figure 6.8.1. Barrier Post Striping………………………………………………………51 Figure 7.2.1. Bicycle Detector Pavement Symbol……………………………………...55 Figure 8.1.1. Bicycle Lane Treatment Options at M odern Roundabouts…………….57 Figure 10.1.1. Typical Signing of Railroad Crossings…………………………………..60 L ist of Tab les Table 3.4.1. Bicycle Compatibility Index (BCI) M odel………………………………20 Table 3.4.2. BCI & LOS Designations…………………………………………………21 Table 4.5.1. Hard-Surfacing Options – Advantages and Disadvantages…………….27 Table 4.7.1. Desirable M inimum Radii for Paved Trails Based on 15° Lean Angle…………………………………………………………….29 Table 4.7.2. M inimum Radii for Paved Trails Based on 2% Superelevation Rates and 20° Lean Angle………………………………………………...30 Table 4.8.1. Grade Restrictions & Lengths……………………………………………31 Table 4.9.1. M inimum Length of Crest Vertical Curve (L) Based on Stopping Sight Distance …………………………………………………………….33 Table 4.9.2. M inimum Lateral Clearance (M ) for Horizontal Curves………………..34 Table 4.11.1 Recommended Lighting Levels………………………………………….35 Table 5.4.1. Soft-Surfacing Options – Advantages and Disadvantages……………...40 Table 5.8.1. Recommended Sight Distance for Soft-Surface Trails………………….41 C ity of Billings 3 Design Standards for Trails & Bikeways 1.0 Introdu c tion 1.1 INTENT & PURPOSE Safe, convenient and well-designed facilities are essential to encourage bicycle and pedestrian use. The intent of this guide is to provide information on the design and development of facilities to enhance and encourage safe bicycle and pedestrian use. At the same time, this document is intended to provide consistent and recognizable features that are unique to the City of Billings. The design standards and recommended features in this document are based on a thorough “state-of-the-practice” review with the heritage and character of Billings in mind. This document is intended to provide a recognizable design consistency between facilities and to eliminate the need to start from scratch with each new bikeway or trail design. 1.2 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER GUIDELINES This guide is not intended to be a replacement for any of the applicable federal, state, or local guidelines. Rather it is intended as a synthesis of those documents providing an interpretation on how they may be applied in typical situations in the City of Billings. Many states and localities have developed their own bicycle and pedestrian facility design manuals, many of which were researched and evaluated during the development of these guidelines. The following bicycle and pedestrian facility design manuals were used in development of these guidelines and are recommended as additional resources: ° AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities ° AASHTO Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities ° ITE Recommended Practice “Design and Safety of Pedestrian Facilities” ° Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) 1.3 POLICY STATEM ENT The decision not to accommodate bicyclists and pedestrians should be the exception, rather than the rule. “Due consideration” of bicycle and pedestrian needs should include, at a minimum, a presumption that bicyclists and pedestrians will be accommodated in the design of new and improved transportation and recreational facilities. Bicycle and pedestrian facilities should be established in all new construction and reconstruction projects unless one or more of the following conditions are met: ° The law prohibits bicyclists and pedestrians from using the roadway. C ity of Billings 4 Design Standards for Trails & Bikeways ° The cost associated with establishing the non-motorized facility would be excessively disproportionate to the demand or probable use. ° W here other factors, such as sparsity of population, indicate an absence of demand. Design and development of all transportation and recreational facilities should improve conditions for alternate modes through the following additional steps: ° Addressing the need for bicyclists and pedestrians to cross corridors as well as travel along them. ° Getting exceptions approved