Sub-Urban COST is supported by the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Rotterdam TU1206-WG1-013 TU1206 COST Sub-Urban WG1 Report I. van Campenhout, K de Vette, J. Schokker & M van der Meulen Sub-Urban COST is supported by the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 COST TU1206 Sub-Urban Report TU1206-WG1-013 Published March 2016 Authors: I. van Campenhout, K de Vette, J. Schokker & M van der Meulen Editors: Ola M. Sæther and Achim A. Beylich (NGU) Layout: Guri V. Ganerød (NGU) COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a pan-European intergovernmental framework. Its mission is to enable break-through scientific and technological developments leading to new concepts and products and thereby contribute to strengthening Europe’s research and innovation capacities. It allows researchers, engineers and scholars to jointly develop their own ideas and take new initiatives across all fields of science and technology, while promoting multi- and interdisciplinary approaches. COST aims at fostering a better integration of less research intensive countries to the knowledge hubs of the European Research Area. The COST Association, an International not-for-profit Association under Belgian Law, integrates all management, governing and administrative functions necessary for the operation of the framework. The COST Association has currently 36 Member Countries. www.cost.eu www.sub-urban.eu www.cost.eu Rotterdam between Cables and Carboniferous City development and its subsurface 04-07-2016 Contents 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................5 1.1 City and Port................................................................................................................................................5 1.2 How can the subsurface contribute to the sustainable development of Rotterdam?..7 1.3 Issues concerning subsurface usage..................................................................................................8 1.3.1 Geological issues ..........................................................................................................................8 1.3.2 Artificial obstacles.................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.3 Planning issues .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Responsibility of subsurface specialists ........................................................................................11 2. City description...................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Key city data .............................................................................................................................................12 2.2 Port ...............................................................................................................................................................12 2.3 Infrastructure...........................................................................................................................................13 2.4 Housing .......................................................................................................................................................13 3. Geology and physical-geographical setting .................................................................. 14 3.1 Geological evolution from Carboniferous to Cenozoic...........................................................14 3.2 Wells and Seismic data.........................................................................................................................17 3.3 The Anthropocene: The cultivation of peat lands ....................................................................19 3.4 Physical geography................................................................................................................................19 3.5 Seismology.................................................................................................................................................20 4. Historical development of the city................................................................................... 21 5. Urban planning and management ................................................................................... 25 5.1 Planning over past centuries.............................................................................................................25 5.2 Contemporary planning process......................................................................................................30 5.2.1 Administration........................................................................................................................... 30 5.2.2 Municipal planning system................................................................................................... 30 5.2.3 Heritage......................................................................................................................................... 31 5.2.4 How does planning acknowledge / consider the subsurface?.............................. 31 5.2.5 Zoning plans: 3D and subsurface....................................................................................... 32 5.2.6 Ownership of the subsurface............................................................................................... 32 6. Underground usage .............................................................................................................. 33 6.1 Layer 1: The Shallow Subsurface.....................................................................................................36 6.1.1 Groundwater............................................................................................................................... 36 6.1.2 Cables and pipelines................................................................................................................ 37 6.1.3 Environmental ........................................................................................................................... 39 6.1.4 Archaeology................................................................................................................................. 41 6.1.5 Unexploded devices from World War II ......................................................................... 42 6.1.6 Ecology: Nature map of Rotterdam................................................................................... 43 6.1.7 Urban agriculture...................................................................................................................... 44 6.1.8 Trading Soil ................................................................................................................................. 45 6.1.9 Peat and clay ............................................................................................................................... 47 6.1.10 Challenges in the Shallow Subsurface........................................................................... 47 6.2 Layer 2: The Civil Construction Zone.............................................................................................50 6.2.1 Geotechnical aspects ............................................................................................................... 50 6.2.2 Foundation of buildings......................................................................................................... 51 6.2.3 Infrastructure: Train ............................................................................................................... 52 6.2.4 Infrastructure: Metropolitan railway............................................................................... 53 6.2.5 Infrastructure: Cars ................................................................................................................. 55 2 6.2.6 Parking .......................................................................................................................................... 55 6.2.7 Waterstorage .............................................................................................................................. 56 6.2.8 Shopping centre “Koopgoot”................................................................................................ 57 6.2.9 Sand and gravel ......................................................................................................................... 57 6.2.10 Challenges in the Civil Construction Zone................................................................... 58 6.3 Layer 3: The Drinking Water Zone .................................................................................................59 6.3.1 Drinking water management............................................................................................... 59 6.3.2 Thermal storage: Shallow Geothermal Energy............................................................ 59 6.3.3 Challenges in the Drinking Water Zone .......................................................................... 61 6.4 Layer 4 The Deep Subsurface............................................................................................................63 6.4.1 Oil&Gas.......................................................................................................................................... 63 6.4.2 Shale gas ......................................................................................................................................