RSTB_365_1556_Cover.qxd 9/7/10 10:42 AM Page 1 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B Phil. Trans. ISSN 0962-8436 volume 365 27 October 2010 number 1556 . volume 365 number 1556 pages 3263–3410 | vol. 365 no. 1556 pp. 3263–3410 pages 3263–3410 The first four million years of human evolution In this Issue Papers of a Discussion Meeting issue organized and edited by Alan Walker and Chris Stringer The first four million years of human evolution Introduction Papers of a Discussion Meeting issue organized and edited by Alan Walker and Chris Stringer The first four million years of human evolution 3265 A. Walker & C. Stringer Articles In search of the last common ancestor: new findings on wild chimpanzees 3267 W. C. McGrew | More reliable estimates of divergence times in Pan using complete mtDNA sequences 27 Oct 2010 and accounting for population structure 3277 A. C. Stone, F. U. Battistuzzi, L. S. Kubatko, G. H. Perry Jr, E. Trudeau, H. Lin & S. Kumar Spinopelvic pathways to bipedality: why no hominids ever relied on a bent-hip–bent-knee gait 3289 C. O. Lovejoy & M. A. McCollum Arboreality, terrestriality and bipedalism 3301 R. H. Crompton, W. I. Sellers & S. K. S. Thorpe Two new Mio-Pliocene Chadian hominids enlighten Charles Darwin’s 1871 prediction 3315 M. Brunet The first four million years of human evolution Phylogeny of early Australopithecus: new fossil evidence from the Woranso-Mille (central Afar, Ethiopia) 3323 Y. Haile-Selassie Anterior dental evolution in the Australopithecus anamensis–afarensis lineage 3333 C. V. Ward, J. M. Plavcan & F. K. Manthi Molar microwear textures and the diets of Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis 3345 P. S. Ungar, R. S. Scott, F. E. Grine & M. F. Teaford An enlarged postcranial sample confirms Australopithecus afarensis dimorphism was similar to modern humans 3355 P. L. Reno, M. A. McCollum, R. S. Meindl & C. O. Lovejoy The cranial base of Australopithecus afarensis: new insights from the female skull 3365 W. H. Kimbel & Y. Rak Hominin diversity in the Middle Pliocene of eastern Africa: the maxilla of KNM-WT 40000 3377 F. Spoor, M. G. Leakey & L. N. Leakey Stable isotopes in fossil hominin tooth enamel suggest a fundamental dietary shift in the Pliocene 3389 J. A. Lee-Thorp, M. Sponheimer, B. H. Passey, D. J. de Ruiter & T. E. Cerling Retrieving chronological age from dental remains of early fossil hominins to reconstruct human growth in the past 3397 M. C. 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