
THE TEACHING OF MATHEMATICS nnoindent2010 commaTHE Vol TEACHING period XIII OF comma MATHEMATICS 1 comma pp period 5 1 endash 6 1 ON THE ANCIENT PROBLEM OF DUPLICATION nnoindentOF A CUBE2010 IN HIGH , Vol SCHOOL . XIII TEACHING , 1 , pp . 5 1 −− 6 1 Andrea Grozdani acute-c and Gradimir Vojvodi c-acute n centerlineAbstract periodfON The THE paper ANCIENT is devoted PROBLEM to exposition OF DUPLICATION of constructionsg with straightedge and compass comma constructible numbers and their position with respect to all algebra hyphen n centerline fOFTHE A CUBETEACHING IN HIGH OF MATHEMATICS SCHOOL TEACHING g ic numbers period2010 .. , Vol Although . XIII , the1 , pp large . 5 1 number { 6 1 of constructions may be accomplished with straightedge and compassON comma THE one ANCIENT of the known PROBLEM problems of this OF kind DUPLICATION dating from Greek n centerline fAndrea Grozdani $ nacutefcg $ and Gradimir Vojvodi $ nacutefcg $ g era is duplication of a cube periodOF A.. The CUBE given IN proof HIGH in this SCHOOL paper is elementaryTEACHING and self hyphen contained period It is suitable forAndrea teachers Grozdani comma as wellc´ and as Gradimir for high school Vojvodi studentsc´ period n centerline f Abstract . The paper is devoted to exposition of constructions with straightedge g ZDM Subject ClassificationAbstract : .. GThe 45 paper comma is devoted H 45 to semicolon exposition of.. constructions AMS Subject with Classification straightedge : .. 97 G 40 comma n centerline fand compassand compass , constructible , constructible numbers numbers and their positionand their with respect position to all algebra with - respect to all algebra − g 97 H 40 period ic numbers . Although the large number of constructions may be accomplished with Key words and phrases : .. Duplication of a cube semicolon construction with compass and n centerline f i c numbersstraightedge . n andquad compassAlthough , one of the the known large problems number of this kind of dating constructions from Greek may be accomplished with g straightedge semicolonera constructible is duplication of number a cube . semicolon The given algebraic proof in number this paper period is elementary and self - 1 period .. Introduction n centerline f straightedgecontained and . It compass is suitable for , oneteachers of , as the well knownas for high problems school students of . this kind dating from Greek g Constructive problemsZDM Subject have alwaysClassification been the: favorite G 45 , H subject 45 ; AMS of geometry Subject Classification period The : 97 G 40 , traditional limitation of tools used for solving geometric constructions to j ust the n centerline f era is duplication of a cube .97n Hquad 40 . The given proof in this paper is elementary and self − g compass and the straightedgeKey words reaches and phrases far into: the Duplication past comma of a cube although ; construction the Greeks with compass had and also been using certain other instruments period .... The well known Euclidean geome hyphen n centerline f contained . Itstraightedge is suitable ; constructible for teachers number ; algebraic , as number well . as for high school students . g try open parenthesis III B period C period closing1 . parenthesis Introduction was based on geometric constructions performed only by compass Constructive problems have always been the favorite subject of geometry . The n centerline fZDM Subject Classification : nquad G 45 , H 45 ; nquad AMS Subject Classification : nquad 97 G 40 , g and straightedgetraditional comma treated limitation as equal of tools instruments used for solving in constructions geometric period constructions .. In addition to j ust comma the the straightedge maycompass be used and only the as straightedge an instrument reaches for the far construction into the past of , althougha straight the Greeks had n centerline f97 H 40 . g line comma butalso not been for measuring using certain theother lengths instruments period Although . the The large well number known of Euclidean constructions geome - may be accomplishedtry ( III this B . way C . comma ) was based we know on geometric of three problems constructions dating performed from Greek only era by compass n centerline fKey words and phrases : nquad Duplication of a cube ; construction with compass and g that cannot beand solved straightedge in that way , treated : .. duplication as equal instruments open parenthesis in constructions doubling closing . In parenthesis addition , the of a cube endash to find a sidestraightedge may be used only as an instrument for the construction of a straight n centerline f straightedge ; constructible number ; algebraic number . g of a cube whoseline volume , but is not twice for thatmeasuring of a given the lengths cube semicolon . Although .. tris the ection large of number an angle of constructions endash to find one third ofmay a given be accomplished angle semicolon this squaringway , we a know circle of endash three problems to construct dating the from square Greek that era has n centerline f1 . nquad Introduction g the same area asthat a given cannot circle be solved period in that way : duplication ( doubling ) of a cube { to find a Unsolved problemsside of athat cube kind whose initiated volume a completely is twice that new of way a given of thinking cube ; endashtris ection of an angle { Constructive problems have always been the favorite subject of geometry . The how would it beto possible find one to third prove of that a given certain angle pro ; squaring b lems could a circle not{ be to s construct o lved ? .. the The square that has traditional limitation of tools used for solving geometric constructions to j ust the answer is in modernthe same algebra area and as a group given theory circle . period .. The problem of solving algebraic equations dates farUnsolved back in the problems past and of forthat a kind long initiatedtime it was a completely the central new content way of thinking { how nnoindent compass and the straightedge reaches far into the past , although the Greeks had of algebra periodwould Descriptions it be possible of solving to prove certain that certain simple algebraic pro b lems equations could not had be sappeared o lved ? The as early as 2000answer years B is period in modern C comma algebra for and example group in theory Egypt . comma The .. problem during the of solving Middle algebraicDynasty comma nnoindent also been using certain other instruments . n h f i l l The well known Euclidean geome − in the London papyrusequations known dates as far Ahmess back in calculation the past and comma for a .. long and time on Babylonian it was the tiles central comma content of approximately atalgebra the same . Descriptions time period of .. solving The Babylonians certain simple were algebraic able to equationssolve quadratic had appeared nnoindent try ( III B . C . ) was based on geometric constructions performed only by compass equations commaas early while as in 2000 the XVI years century B . C , Girolamo for example Cardano in Egypt comma , during Nicolo the Tartaglia Middle comma Dynasty Lodoviko , in the London papyrus known as Ahmess calculation , and on Babylonian tiles , nnoindent and straightedge , treated as equal instruments in constructions . nquad In addition , the approximately at the same time . The Babylonians were able to solve quadratic straightedge may be used only as an instrument for the construction of a straight equations , while in the XVI century Girolamo Cardano , Nicolo Tartaglia , Lodoviko nnoindent line , but not for measuring the lengths . Although the large number of constructions may be accomplished this way , we know of three problems dating from Greek era nnoindent that cannot be solved in that way : nquad duplication ( doubling ) of a cube −− to find a side of a cube whose volume is twice that of a given cube ; nquad tris ection of an angle −− to find one third of a given angle ; squaring a circle −− to construct the square that has the same area as a given circle . Unsolved problems of that kind initiated a completely new way of thinking −− how would it be possible to prove that certain pro b lems could not be s o lved $ ? $ nquad The nnoindent answer is in modern algebra and group theory . nquad The problem of solving algebraic equations dates far back in the past and for a long time it was the central content of algebra . Descriptions of solving certain simple algebraic equations had appeared nnoindent as early as 2000 years B . C , for example in Egypt , nquad during the Middle Dynasty , in the London papyrus known as Ahmess calculation , nquad and on Babylonian tiles , nnoindent approximately at the same time . nquad The Babylonians were able to solve quadratic equations , while in the XVI century Girolamo Cardano , Nicolo Tartaglia , Lodoviko 52 .. A period Grozdani acute-c sub comma G period Vojvodi c-acute nnoindentFerari comma52 n ..quad ScipioneA .del Grozdani Ferro and many $ nacute othersf werecg dealingf , g with$ G solving . Vojvodi cubic and $ nacutefcg $ quadratic equations period nnoindentFor a longF time e r a commar i , nquad .. the questionScipione concerning del Ferro the possibility and many to solve others algebraic were dealing with solving cubic and quadraticequations by equations radicals remained . open in algebra period For an algebraic equation we shall say that it is solvable by radicals if its solutions may be obtained by using rational For a long time , nquad the question concerning the possibility to solve algebraic operations open52 parenthesisA .
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