PROFILE OF THE ARMY A Reference Handbook Prepared by the ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY under the auspices of the INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE February 1989 This PROFILE OF THE ARMY is published by the Asso- ciation of the United States Army to provide information about the U.S. Army and its role in national security. It is intended for briefing purposes and will also serve as a quick and ready reference on Army missions, how the Army is organized, where it is posted, who are its sol· diers, and how it apportions its resources. JACK N. MERRITT General, USA Ret Executive Vice President ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY, INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE, 2425 WILSON BOULEVARD, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22201 (703) 841-4300 PROFILE OF THE ARMY Table of Contents Foreword ...................................... SECTION Ill- OTHER MAJOR ARMY FUNCTION S Table of Contents . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ii Manning the Army ................................ 24 Recruiting and Retention ........................... 25 SECTION I- U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRUCTURE Active and Reserve Strength Figures ................. 26 Constitutional Basis for the Armed Forces . .. .. 1 Active Military End Strength (FY51-FY89) ............. 27 The Department of Defense ........................ 2 Training the Army ................................. 28 The Secretary of Defense ......................... 3 Equipping the Army ............................... 30 The Joint Chiefs of Staff ........................... 4 Modernization Priorities ........................... 31 Unified and Specified Commands . .. .. .. .. 5 Sustaining the Army .............................. 32 The Military Departments . .. .. .. .. 6 Force Projection . .. .. .. .. 33 Summary- Section I ............................. 7 SECTION IV - SPECIAL TOPIC S SECTION II -THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY The Army Budget . .. .. .. .. .. 34 Army Missions . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Budget History ................................... 35 Chief of Staff, U.S.Army . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Budget Trends . .. .. .. 36 Headquarters, Department of the Army ............... 10 FY 1989 Budget Breakout . .. .. .. .. .. .. 37 Components of the Army ........................... 11 FY 1989 Appropriations ............................ 38 Branches of the Army . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 What the Army Buys ............................... 39 General Structure of the Army . .. .. .. .. 13 The Army in Space ................................ 40 Army Major Commands ............................ 14 Space Achievements . .. .. .. .. 41 Army Forces Overseas . .. .. .. .. .. 15 The Strategic Army ............................... 42 Army Combat Organizations ........................ 16 Army Divisions . .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 Special Operations Forces ......................... 18 SECTION V -APPENDICE S Active Army Combat Units ......................... 19 Appendix A: Officer & Enlisted Rank Insignia ......... 43 Major Reserve Component Combat Units . .. .. 20 Appendix B: Major Army Installations (by The Logistical Base ............................... 22 Congressional District) . .. .. .. .. .. 45 Partners in the Total Force ......................... 23 Appendix C: Army Demographics ................... 47 ii -------- -- - �-------- ----��------ -- _j ' . ' . SECTION I U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRUCTURE CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS FOR THE ARMED FORCES From the Preamble to the Constitution: "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense .. " NOTE: "WE THE PEOPLE ... PROVIDE FOR THE COMMON DEFENSE" Historically, our Army is even older than our nation, having been created on June 14, 1775 by the Second Continental Congress. Thus, the Army pre-dates the Declaration of Indepen­ dence by more than a year and was in existence nearly 14 years when our government declared the United States Constitution in effect. The Constitution is very specific as to who raises and commands the Army. THE CONSTITUTION THE CONGRESS THE PRESIDENT Article I, Section 8: Article II, Section 2: "The Congress shall have power to . "The President shall be the Command­ provide for the common defense; to declare er-i n-Chief of the Army and Navy of the war ... to raise and support armies ... to United States; and of the militia of the make rules for the government and regula­ several states, when called into the actual tion of the land and naval forces ..." service of the United States." ·------··-----------·---- --- THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE advice NATIONAL CONGRESS THE EXECUTIVE SECURITY COUNCIL Exercises control by the The President, as Commander­ enactment of legislation, in-Chief, assures that final including the appropriation authority over the military rests of resources. with a civilian official. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Title II of the National Security Act of 1947, as amended, provided for the establishment of a Department of Defense to be headed by a Secretary. In the words of the statute: "there shall be within the Department of Defense the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force, and each depart­ ment shall on and after August 10, 1949, be military departments in lieu of their prior status as Executive Departments." (5 U.S.C. 171 (b).) The major subdivisions within the Department of Defense are: the Office of the Secretary of Defense; the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the three military departments and the military services within those departments; the unified and specified commands; and such other agencies as the Secretary establishes to meet specific requirements. 2 THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE As the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense, the Secretary, subject to the direction of the President and the provisions of the statute, "h as ... direction, authority, and control" over the Department of Defense. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DEPUTY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE OFFICE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITARY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF DEPARTMENTS DEPUTY AND CHAIRMAN, JOINT CHIEFS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE UNDER OF STAFF SECRETARIES SECRETARY OF THE ARMY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE VICE CHAIRMAN CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMY UNDER UNDER UNDER ASSISTANT CfliEF CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS SECRETARY CfliEF SECRETARY CfliEF COMMANDANT SECRETARY SECRETARIES OF CHIEF OF STAFF, AIR FORCE AND OF AND OF OF AND STAFF COMMANDANT, MARINE CORPS ASSISTANT STAFF ASSISTANT NAVAL MARINE ASSISTANT AIR SECRETARIES ARMY SECRETARIES OPERATIONS CORPS SECRETARIES FORCE DEFENSE OF THE OF THE OF THE AGENCIES ARMY NAVY AIR FORCE THE OFFIC E OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE The Office of the Secretary of Defense, primarily a civilian staff but containing military personnel as well, is designed to advise and assist the Secretary in the overall operation of the Department. The Secretary is assisted by a Deputy Secretary and an Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and one for Acquisition. In addition there are 12 Assistant Secretaries of Defense and 13 Defense Agency Directors. 3 - -------------------·-------------------------------�------·----------- r-- -- --- - ---- I ' .) THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF By statute the principal military advisors to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense are the Joint Chiefs of Staff, consisting of the Chairman-who outranks all other officers of the Armed Forces while holding office-the Chief of Staff of the Army; the Chief of Naval Operations; the Chief of Staff of the Air Force; and the Commandant of the Marine Corps. The Joint Chiefs of Staff, subject to the authority and direction of the President and the Secretary of Defense, are assigned (among others) the functions of: (1) preparing strategic plans and providing for the strategic direction of the Armed forces; (2) establishing unified commands in strategic areas. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE ,.--------l--------� I CHAIRMAN JCS I : (WHEN DIRECTED) : - ---- --- --- L - - - -- ..I SPECIFIED COMMANDS I I STRATEGIC FORCES AIR COMMAND COMMAND UNIFIED COMMANDS I I I I I I I I I SPECIAL EUROPEAN PACIFIC ATLANTIC SOUTHERN CENTRAL TRANSPORTATION SPACE OPERATIONS COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND 4 ... UNIFIED AND SPECIFIED COMMANDS The Armed Forces of the United States are organized for the performance of military mis­ sions into combatant commands made up of forces from the various military departments under the operational command of unified or specified commanders. A unified command is composed of significant assigned components of two or more Services. A specified command is usually composed of forces from one Service, but may include units and have representa­ tion from other Services. ORGANIZATION AND MISSIONS Unified and specified commands are assigned broad continuing missions. These com­ mands are established, designated, and the force structure determined by the President, through the Secretary of Defense with the advice and assistance of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. CHAIN OF COMMAND The commanders of unified and specified commands are responsible to the President and the Secretary of Defense. Hence, the chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense, to these commanders. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff may issue orders to these commanders by authority and direction of the Secretary of Defense. SUPPORT BY MILITARY DEPARTMENTS Once the force structure of the various unified