Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Outline Presentation of the lecture SAaNS: Introduction to Unix History of unix systems Base concepts Grégory Mounié Linux installation 2014-2015 CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability 1 / 75 2 / 75 Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability whoami: Grégory Mounié Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems • [email protected] • Associate professor at Ensimag Base concepts • Office: Building of Inria Montbonnot (11 km of the campus) • Current teaching: mainly Operating Systems; Networks and Linux installation distributed systems; Python; • Former teaching: Networks, Java, Ada, Operational research, CLI OpenGL • Research: Scheduling for High Performance Computing Configuration (HPC), or the art to put cubes in boxes Distribution and Scalability 3 / 75 3 / 75 Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Content of the course Bibliography Main reference Unix® and Linux® System Administration Handbook, Fourth Edition, Video Enhanced Edition. Evi Nemeth; Garth Snyder; Trent R. Hein; Ben Whaley • OS basics and OS administration in 3 hours Basics • Network basics and Network administration in 3 hours • Security in 3 hours OS Modern Operating Systems, Tanenbaum • Perl in (3 + 3 hours) Network Computer Networks, Tanenbaum Network and system programming Unix programming, Stevens (a bit old but still the reference for many low levels and raw stuff) 4 / 75 5 / 75 Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Read the man, Luke ! Challenges • People with sufficent background may skip the basics part of • Man pages the lecture and do the challenge instead. • GNU Texinfo (Html with automatic index) Challenge for the OS lecture • Package-specific doc • typically in /usr/share/doc/ You are employee of X and you will go to Paques Island to sell some Y. The major provider of Y is an US society. You will cross • RFC and Internet documents the US border with commercial documents in your laptop. • beware of version mismatch Choose a way to protect your documents, implement it and present it to others lecturers (10 min at the end of the lecture) 6 / 75 7 / 75 Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Duties of the system administrator Origin of UNIX • Account provisioning • Adding and removing hardware • Performing backups in the beginning was multics (65-68) • Installing and upgrading software • failure ) Bell decides to stop making operating systems • Monitoring the system • Kernigham and Ritchie et al. develop a small operating system • Troubleshooting of their own • Maintaining local documentation • by derision they call it UNICS (69) • and create a programming language (C) to recode it • Vigilantly monitoring security • property of Bell Labs • Fire fighting • restrained diffusion when successful Difficult point Each point is simple. Complexity come from the cross-references between points. 8 / 75 9 / 75 Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability History of UNIX History of UNIX • sources was given (Unix V6) to users (device drivers) Berkeley University (76) • no free (as in speech) version • first version of BSD • development of internet: • ) ideal conditions for the development of free unices: • large diffusion in universities • strong demand • skilled peoples Parallel evolution, in 1983 • means enabling common development • 4.3BSD (SunOS) • Unix System V 10 / 75 11 / 75 Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability MINIX and Linux Unixes Today Philosophy 1. Linux and its embedded variants: • Android, Firefox OS, Sailfish OS (ex-Mer, ex-Meego), Ubuntu • Minix (85) written by Prof. A. Tannenbaum for his courses Touch, Tizen (ex-Meego), WebOS, Plasma Active • Desktop distributions: Debian, Fedora, etc. • internet ) large diffusion and improvements 2. BSD family: • but restriction on user rights • Darwin (MacOS X, IOS), NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD • Linux written by a student Linus 3. A given number of (vanishing) proprietary unixes : Torvalds • Solaris, AIX, HP/UX • support of recent architectures 4. other exotic unixes: Minix, Hurd, Haiku (BeOS clone) . • GPL licence 12 / 75 13 / 75 Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Free software Free software central point • free as in speech not as in beer ! • based on open standards • different licences : BSD, GNU Public Licence, . Freedom 2 • defending users rights : The freedom to improve the program, and 1. The freedom to run the program, for any purpose release your improvements to the public. 2. The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to Access to the source code is a precondition your needs. for this. • Access to the source code is a precondition for this. 3. The freedom to redistribute copies 4. The freedom to redistribute modified copies. 14 / 75 15 / 75 Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Free software today Computer are fast, stupid and huge but we have to work with Computer are: GNU/Linux increasingly popular • stupid [G. Berry]:: only know the 4 operations in base 2 and • Huge hidden base: Android Smartphone, xDSL box, router, data movement rice cooker, fast do 1 operation while a photon travels few centimeters huge The number of bits in a disk is similar to the solar mass of our • Desktop user groups in almost all countries galaxy • in France : user groups in every major city • huge amount of different projects with public on-going source Computer science challenge code How to build a non-stupid result using numerous simple operations • http://github.com ? • http://gitorious.org • http://freshmeat.net Computer science 4 pillars [G. Doweq] • http://sourceforge.net 1. Algorithmic :: Express human idea in computer logic 2. Data :: data structure and storage to store human ideas efficiently for the computer logic 16 / 75 3. Compilation :: programming languages to explain what to do 17 / 75 to the computer (fast, correct, easy to understand, etc. ) 4. Hardware :: How to build a computer Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Are we using 40 years old tools ??? Does Unix 40 year history means. • we are using 40 year old tools ? Yes some tools worked on dot-matrix printer before screen age: • ed (brother of sed) line-by-line text editor is still • Most concepts are present in Multics installed in MacOS X, and vi is installed in • Some tools are still the same busybox used by many embedded systems • however, many tools evolved (Android phones, DSLboxes, linux-base network • time filters things : only the most router) valuable things are kept over time No git and vlc are 10 years old • ) unix has some simple and elegant concepts 18 / 75 19 / 75 Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI Configuration Distribution and Scalability Unix concepts Everything is a file composition and K.I.S.S • lots of small and efficient tools • easy composition of different tools to obtain • Why ? powerful effects In computers, all devices are about IO modularity Unix = • a kernel handling low level tasks • reading data from a device • a set of applications • writing data to a device (almost) everything is a file • sockets, devices, pipes, . • File interface for all device ) Fewer system calls • uniform way of handling all resources 20 / 75 21 / 75 Presentation of the lecture History of unix systems Base concepts Linux installation CLI