DISCLAIMER The information contained in this publication is subject to on-going review in the light of changing authority regulations and as more is learned about the science of fatigue and fatigue management. No user or reader should act on the basis of any such information without referring to applicable laws and regulations and without taking appropriate professional advice. Although every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the International Federation of Airline Pilots’ Associations (IFALPA), and other contributors to this publication, shall not be held responsible for any loss or damage caused by errors, omissions, misprints or misinterpretation of the contents hereof. Furthermore, ICAO, IATA, IFALPA and contributors to this publication expressly disclaim any and all liability to any person or entity, whether a user of this publication or not, in respect of anything done or omitted, and the consequences of anything done or omitted, by any such person or entity in reliance on the contents of this publication. The mention of specific companies and products in this publication does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by any of the above in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned. No part of this publication may be reproduced, recast, reformatted or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the authors. EXECUTIVE LETTER Dear Colleagues, In July 2011, lATA, ICAO and IFALPA developed and co-branded the first edition of the Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS) lmplementation Guide for Operators. This guide has been adopted around the world as a successful path to implement FRMS. The FRMS approach to fatigue management relies heavily on continuous improvement and is the principle which guided the development of this, the second edition of the FRMS Implementation Guide for Operators. Renamed the Fatigue Management Guide for Airline Operators, Edition 2015 provides operators with a complete document on prescriptive and performance-based fatigue management approaches. The Fatigue Management Guide for Airline Operators, Edition 2015 builds upon the successful collaboration between lATA, ICAO and IFALPA to describe science-based and operationally oriented fatigue management processes. The input of these three organizations has ensured that this document continues to present approaches that are widely acceptable to the operators and crew members who will be using them. We are extremely proud to mutually introduce this document, which will contribute to the improved management of fatigue risk and help us achieve our common goal of improving aviation safety worldwide. Kevin Hiatt Senior Vice President International Federation of Air Safety and Flight Operations Line Pilots' Associations IATA USE OF THIS MANUAL The Fatigue Management Guide for Airline Operators is one in a suite of manuals related to fatigue management. Developed specifically for airline operators, this manual presents information on managing fatigue risks using both a prescriptive approach to fatigue management and FRMS. This document is designed to be read in association with the ICAO Manual for the Oversight of Fatigue Management Approaches (Doc. 9966). All of the manuals in the suite of manuals are based on the work of the ICAO FRMS Task Force. The suite of Fatigue Management Manuals, and the Annexes to which they pertain, is as follows: Fatigue Management Guide for Airline Operators Annex 6, Part I (IATA/ICAO/IFALPA) The Manual for the Oversight of Fatigue Management Fatigue Management Guide for GA Operators of Large and Turbojet Approaches (Doc. 9966) Annex 6, Part II Aeroplanes (IBAC/ICAO/FSF) Fatigue Management Guide for Air Traffic Service Providers Annex 11 (CANSO/ICAO/IFATCA) i The following diagram provides an overview of the Fatigue Management Guide for Airline Operators and is presented to assist readers in navigating its contents1. The diagram separates the contents of this document into three general areas: FATIGUE THE THE FRMS MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH IN GENERAL APPROACH CHAPTER 5 FRMS: Operational Components CHAPTER 1 Introduction to CHAPTER 6 Fatigue Management FRMS: Organizational Components CHAPTER 7 FRMS: Implementation CHAPTER 4 APPENDIX B CHAPTER 2 The Prescriptive Approach Measuring Crewmember Fatigue The Scientific Principles for Fatigue Management APPENDIX C Procedures for Controlled Rest on the Flight Deck APPENDIX D Recommended Fatigue Training Topics APPENDIX D CHAPTER 3 Recommended Fatigue Training Topics APPENDIX E Operational Knowledge and Experience Example of FRM Processes APPENDIX F Examples of FRMS Safety Assurance Processes APPENDIX A APPENDIX G Fatigue Management SARPs and their Intent Examples of Crew Member SPIs 1 A corresponding diagram is provided in The Manual for the Oversight of Fatigue Management Approaches (Doc. 9966), to assist readers in using these manuals in parallel. ii The ICAO SARPs apply to both flight and cabin crew. However to date, flight crew fatigue has received much more scientific, operational, and regulatory attention than cabin crew fatigue, so the examples in this manual focus on flight crew. The safety risks associated with fatigue-related impairment are different for flight and cabin crew members, and some mitigation strategies may be different. More specific advice on managing cabin crew fatigue will become possible as research and fatigue management experience with cabin crew increases. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Use of this Manual ...................................................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Figures......................................................................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................................. xi Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1. Introduction to Fatigue Management ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Approaches To Fatigue Management in Aviation .................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Comparing Prescriptive and FRMS Approaches ................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Fatigue Management in Airline Operations ............................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2. Scientific Principles for Fatigue Management ................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Scientific Principle 1: The Need for Sleep ................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1. Types of Sleep ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2. The Non-REM/REM Cycle..................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.3. Factors That Affect Sleep Quality ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.4. The Impact of Continuous Time Awake ............................................................................................................. 13 2.2. Scientific Principle 2: Sleep Loss and Recovery ...................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1. Sleep Restriction in the Laboratory ................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2. Sleep Restriction in Flight Operations ................................................................................................................ 19 2.2.3. Recovery from the Effects of Sleep Restriction ................................................................................................. 20 2.2.4. Long-Term Sleep Restriction and Health ........................................................................................................... 22 2.3. Scientific Principle 3: Circadian Effects on Sleep and Performance ....................................................................... 23 2.3.1. Examples of Circadian Rhythms ......................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.2. Sleep Regulation: the Circadian Body Clock and the Sleep Homeostatic Process ............................................ 24 2.3.3. How Light Synchronizes the Circadian Body Clock ...........................................................................................