$10.00 URBAN AGRICULTURE A Tool for Creating Economic Development and Healthy Communities in Prince George’s County, MD EPTEMBER S PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT THE MARYLAND-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION 2012 WWW.PGPLANNING.ORG COVER IMAGE: Detail from a mural by Matt Gifford at ECO City Farms in Edmonston, Maryland (the entire mural is shown above and below). Abstract Photo of mural by Rob Meintjes. TITLE: Urban Agriculture: A Tool for Creating Economic Development and Healthy Communities in Prince George’s County, MD AUTHOR: The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission SUBJECT: Urban Agriculture DATE: September 2012 SOURCE OF COPIES: The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission 14741 Governor Oden Bowie Drive Upper Marlboro, Maryland, 20772 SERIES NUMBER 964122405 NUMBER OF PAGES: 168 ABSTRACT: This report introduces the concept of urban agriculture, presents its characteristics, and discusses its relationship to food system planning, sustainability, and public health. A sample of innovative community- based urban agriculture projects around the nation and in Prince George’s County serves to show the hands-on implementation of the concept. Planning and public policy for urban agriculture are discussed along with possible actions that planners and policy makers may take to support it. This is supplemented by the nation’s best local government practices for incorporating urban agriculture into urban and suburban areas. Guided by the experience of other jurisdictions, specific policy recommendations suited to Prince George’s County are developed and presented along with strategies in the concluding chapter of the report. URBAN AGRICULTURE A Tool for Creating Economic Development and Healthy Communities in Prince George’s County, MD SEPTEMBER 2012 THE MARYLAND-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION • WWW.MNCPPC.ORG PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT • WWW.PGPLANNING.ORG 14741 GOVERNOR ODEN BOWIE DRIVE UPPER MARLBORO, MARYLAND 20772 Photos on this page by Lindsay Smith. Lindsay on this page by Photos ii Urban Agriculture The Maryland‑National Capital Park and Planning Commission Françoise Carrier, Chairman Officers: Elizabeth M. Hewlett, Vice Chairman Patricia Colihan Barney, Executive Director Joseph Zimmerman, Secretary-Treasurer Adrian R. Gardner, Esq., General Counsel The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission is a bicounty agency, created by the General Assembly of Maryland in 1927. The Commission’s geographic authority extends to the great majority of Montgomery and Prince George’s Counties: the Maryland-Washington Regional District (M-NCPPC planning jurisdiction) comprises 1,001 square miles, while the Metropolitan District (parks) comprises 919 square miles, in the two counties. The Commission has three major functions: v The preparation, adoption, and, from time to time, amendment or extension of the General Plan for the physical development of the Maryland-Washington Regional District. v The acquisition, development, operation, and maintenance of a public park system. v In Prince George’s County only, the operation of the entire county public recreation program. The Commission operates in each county through a Planning Board appointed by and responsible to the county government. All local plans, recommendations on zoning amendments, administration of subdivision regulations, and general administration of parks are responsibilities of the Planning Boards. The Prince George’s County Department of Planning (M-NCPPC): v Our mission is to help preserve, protect, and manage the county’s resources by providing the highest quality planning services and growth management guidance and by facilitating effective intergovernmental and citizen involvement through education and technical assistance. v Our vision is to be a model planning department of responsive and respected staff who provide superior planning and technical services and work cooperatively with decision-makers, citizens, and other agencies to continuously improve development quality and the environment and act as a catalyst for positive change. Prince George’s County Planning Board Montgomery County Planning Board Elizabeth M. Hewlett, Chairman Françoise Carrier, Chairman Dorothy F. Bailey Casey Anderson Manuel R. Geraldo Norman Dreyfuss John P. Shoaff Amy Presley A. Shuanise Washington Marye Wells-Harley Urban Agriculture iii Photos on this page by Gül on this page by Güleryüz.Photos Eating is an agricultural act. —Wendell Berry iv Urban Agriculture Table of contents Introduction 1 Executive Summary 2 What is urban agriculture? 5 Definition of urban agriculture ...................................................................................................... 5 A brief history of urban agriculture ................................................................................................. 5 Types of urban agriculture ............................................................................................................. 6 Places for urban agriculture ........................................................................................................... 7 Urban agriculture activities ............................................................................................................ 9 Urban agriculture vs. rural agriculture .......................................................................................... 15 Why is urban agriculture important? 17 Urban agriculture and food system planning 21 Urban agriculture and sustainability 25 Economic development ............................................................................................................... 25 Environmental protection ............................................................................................................ 29 Community development ............................................................................................................ 31 Urban agriculture and public health 33 Innovative community‑based urban agriculture projects around the nation 35 Urban agriculture in Prince George’s County 45 Urban farms ................................................................................................................................. 45 Gardening activities ..................................................................................................................... 62 Planning and public policy for urban agriculture 77 Planning for urban agriculture ..................................................................................................... 78 Public policy for urban agriculture ............................................................................................... 83 Policy recommendations and strategies for Prince George’s County 93 Appendices 115 Glossary 160 Acknowledgments Inside back cover Urban Agriculture v vi Photos on this page by Gül Güleryüz. Urban Agriculture Introduction There is a quiet revolution stirring in our food system. It is not happening so much on the distant farms that still provide us with the majority of our food; it is happening in cities, neighborhoods, and towns. It has evolved out of the basic need that every person has to know their food, and to have some sense of control over its safety and its security. It is a revolution that is providing poor people with an important safety net where they can grow some nourishment and income for themselves and their families. And it is providing an oasis for the human spirit where urban people can gather, preserve something of their culture through native seeds and foods, and teach their children about food and the earth. The revolution is taking place in small gardens, under railroad tracks and power lines, on rooftops, at farmers’ markets, and in the most unlikely of places. It is a movement that has the potential to address a multitude of issues: economic, environmental, personal health, and cultural. —Michael Ableman Conventional wisdom has it that the demise of agriculture in metropolitan areas is inevitable due to urban growth. This conclusion is not always true. Although agriculture is not a traditional urban industry—and may be considered an awkward land use in urban areas—circumstances have changed drastically in recent years. This report provides some facts about urban agriculture, presents best practices around the nation, makes policy recommendations, and proposes related strategies for supporting urban agriculture in Prince George’s County. Agriculture in and around urban environments can enhance quality of life. Reserving land for agriculture brings open space, landscape diversity, and aesthetics into the urban environment; provides residents with high quality, locally produced food; and fosters awareness of the origins of food and its importance to health. Besides serving as a local source of quality produce for restaurants, retail, and consumers, urban agriculture can employ people in production, distribution, and marketing, making it an important cog in the economic engine of a metropolitan area. Despite these many benefits, however, farming in an urban environment faces many challenges. These include land use policies and zoning regulations, availability of land, marketing, and support from the local community as well as agricultural- preservation and economic development programs. This report introduces the concept of urban agriculture, presents its characteristics, and discusses its relationship to food system planning, sustainability,