i ii TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF PLANS vii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xii SECTION A 1 INTRODUCTION 1 A 1. PROJECT OBJECTIVES 2 A 2. CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATIVE PROCESS 3 SECTION B 5 LOCALITY 5 B 1. PROVINCIAL LOCALITY 5 B 2. DISTRICT LOCALITY 6 B 3. AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY LOCALITY 7 SECTION C 9 POLICY ASSESSMENT 9 C 1. NATIONAL POLICY ALIGNMENT 10 C 2. PROVINCIAL POLICY ASSESSMENT 24 C 3. NEIGHBOURING DISTRICT AND METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY POLICY ASSESSMENT 31 C 4. AMATHOLE DISTRICT POLICY ASSESSMENT 40 C 5. LOCAL MUNICIPALITY SDFS 58 SECTION D 68 WHERE HAVE WE COME FROM 68 iii SINCE PREVIOUS ADM SDF 68 SECTION E 74 DISTRICT OVERVIEW 74 E 1. STUDY AREA 74 SECTION F 75 DEMOGRAPHICS PROFILE 75 F 1. POPULATION 75 F 2. AGE STRUCTURE 77 F 3. POPULATION GROUP 79 F 4. GENDER SPLIT 80 F 5. EMPLOYMENT STATUS 81 F 6. INDIVIDUAL MONTHLY INCOME 81 SECTION G 83 BUILT ENVIRONMENT 83 G 1. NODES / TOWNS, CHARACTER, FUNCTION & HIERARCHY 83 G 2. LAND USE 84 G 3. SETTLEMENTS 85 G 4. LAND CLAIMS 88 G 5. LAND TENURE 91 G 6. SMALL TOWN REVITALISATION (STR) PROJECTS 100 G 7. HOUSING PROVISION 103 G 8. HOUSING TYPOLOGIES 106 G 9. INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS 107 G 10. LAND CAPABILITY 109 G 11. INFRASTRUCTURE 112 G 12. INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS 121 SECTION H 122 SOCIO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 122 iv H 1. INEQUALITY IN ADM 122 H 2. SOCIAL FACILITIES 123 H 3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 136 H 4. EFFECTS OF GLOBALISATION ON ADM 145 BIOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS 150 I 1. GEOLOGY 150 I 2. VELD TYPE 151 I 3. RIVERS AND WETLANDS 152 I 4. DRAINAGE AND TOPOGRAPHY 153 I 5. CLIMATE 154 I 6. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 154 I 7. RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION 155 I 8. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 157 I 9. VEGETATION 159 I 10. FORESTRY 160 I 11. FISHERIES 160 SECTION J 162 KEY SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND ISSUES 162 J 1. SWOT ANALYSIS 163 J 2. SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES 166 SECTION K 168 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK 168 K 1. VISION 168 K 2. DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES 169 K 3. SPATIAL STRUCTURING ELEMENTS 171 K 4. BUILT ENVIRONMENT FRAMEWORK 179 LAND USE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 194 K 5. BIO PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK 202 v K 6. SOCIO ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK 210 K 7. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK 216 K 8. GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK 221 SECTION L 225 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 225 vi LIST OF PLANS Plan 1. Provincial Locality Plan ............................................................................................................................ 5 Plan 2. District Locality Plan ................................................................................................................................. 6 Plan 3. Amathole Locality Plan ............................................................................................................................ 7 Plan 4. Amathole Locality Plan .......................................................................................................................... 74 Plan 5. Nodes and Centres ................................................................................................................................. 83 Plan 6. Land Use ................................................................................................................................................... 84 Plan 7. Settlements .............................................................................................................................................. 89 Plan 8. Change in Settlements ........................................................................................................................... 90 Plan 9. Land Tenure ............................................................................................................................................. 99 Plan 10. Land Tenure ...................................................................................................................................... 105 Plan 11. Informal Settlements ...................................................................................................................... 108 Plan 12. Land Capability ................................................................................................................................ 110 Plan 13. Arable Land ....................................................................................................................................... 111 Plan 14. Transportation Network ................................................................................................................. 114 Plan 15. Water Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................ 118 Plan 16. Early Childhood Development ....................................................................................................... 125 Plan 17. Primary Schools ............................................................................................................................... 126 Plan 18. Secondary Schools ......................................................................................................................... 127 Plan 19. Tertiary Education Facilities .......................................................................................................... 128 Plan 20. Libraries ............................................................................................................................................. 129 Plan 21. Hospitals ........................................................................................................................................... 130 Plan 22. Clinics................................................................................................................................................. 131 Plan 23. Police Stations ................................................................................................................................. 132 Plan 24. Post Offices ...................................................................................................................................... 133 vii Plan 25. Community Halls ............................................................................................................................. 134 Plan 26. Overall Social Facilities ................................................................................................................... 135 Plan 27. Geology Plan ..................................................................................................................................... 150 Plan 28. Veld Type ........................................................................................................................................... 151 Plan 29. Blue Network .................................................................................................................................... 152 Plan 30. Drainage Typology .......................................................................................................................... 153 Plan 31. Precipitation Plan............................................................................................................................. 156 Plan 32. Critical Biodiversity Areas .............................................................................................................. 158 PLAN 33. Vegetation Plan ............................................................................................................................... 159 Plan 34. Forestry Plan .................................................................................................................................... 161 Plan 35. Corridor Framework Plan ............................................................................................................... 176 Plan 36. Nodal Framework Plan ................................................................................................................... 178 Plan 37. Settlement Edges Plan ................................................................................................................... 184 Plan 38. Water Infrastructure Framework Plan ......................................................................................... 191 Plan 39. Electricity Infrastructure Framework Plan .................................................................................. 192 Plan 40. Infrastructure Framework Plan ..................................................................................................... 193 Plan 41. Environment Framework Plan ....................................................................................................... 204 Plan 42. Agricultural Framework Plan ......................................................................................................... 209 Plan 43. Tourism Framework Plan .............................................................................................................. 215 Plan 44. Economic Framework Plan ............................................................................................................ 220 Plan 45. Spatial Framework Development Plan ........................................................................................ 224 Plan 46. B5 Projects Plan ............................................................................................................................... 249 Plan 47. Intergovernmental Project Pipeline .............................................................................................. 250 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Figure: Cycle of development in South Africa towards 2030