DRIVER SUPPORT IN CONGESTION AN ASSESSMENT OF USER NEEDS AND IMPACTS ON DRIVER AND TRAFFIC FLOW Cornelie van Driel Dissertation Committee: prof.dr. F. Eising University of Twente, chairman/secretary prof.dr.ir. B. van Arem University of Twente, promotor prof.dr.ir. M.F.A.M. van Maarseveen University of Twente prof.dr.ir. F.J.A.M. van Houten University of Twente prof.dr. K.A. Brookhuis Delft University of Technology/ University of Groningen prof.dr. M. McDonald University of Southampton prof.dr.ir. S.P. Hoogendoorn Delft University of Technology dr. D.M. Hoedemaeker TNO TRAIL Thesis Series T2007/10, The Netherlands TRAIL Research School TRAIL Research School P.O. Box 5017 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Phone: +31 15 2786046 Fax: +31 15 2784333 E-mail: [email protected] CTIT Ph.D. thesis Series No. 07-106 Centre for Telematics and Information Technology (CTIT) P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands This thesis is the result of a PhD study carried out between 2003 and 2007 at the University of Twente, faculty of Engineering Technology, Centre for Transport Studies in close collaboration with TNO within the framework of knowledge centre AIDA (Applications of Integrated Driver Assistance). The project is made possible with support of Transumo. Transumo (TRANsition SUstainable MObility) is a Dutch platform for companies, governments and knowledge institutes that cooperate in the development of knowledge with regard to sustainable mobility. Cover picture: © Jean Tinguely, Pit-Stop, 1984, c/o Beeldrecht Amsterdam 2007 Copyright © 2007 by C.J.G. van Driel. All rights reserved. Printed by Gildeprint BV, Enschede, The Netherlands ISBN 978-90-365-2570-1 DRIVER SUPPORT IN CONGESTION AN ASSESSMENT OF USER NEEDS AND IMPACTS ON DRIVER AND TRAFFIC FLOW PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Twente, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. W.H.M. Zijm, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 2 november 2007 om 13.15 uur door Cornelia Jacoba Geertje van Driel geboren op 20 november 1977 te Tiel Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: prof.dr.ir. B. van Arem Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Research objectives and scope ....................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Research objectives ............................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Scope .....................................................................................................................4 1.3 Research approach.......................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Scientific and practical relevance................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Scientific relevance ............................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Practical relevance................................................................................................. 7 2 Driver support systems ...................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Classification of driver support systems ...................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Driving task ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Level of support................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 Communication ................................................................................................... 13 2.2.4 Functionality........................................................................................................ 14 2.3 Longitudinal support .................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Adaptive Cruise Control..................................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Stop & Go............................................................................................................ 15 2.3.3 Forward Collision Warning and Avoidance....................................................... 16 2.3.4 Local Danger Warning ........................................................................................ 17 2.3.5 Speed Alerting and Limiting ............................................................................... 17 2.3.6 Vision Enhancement............................................................................................ 18 2.4 Lateral support.............................................................................................................. 19 2.4.1 Lane Departure Warning..................................................................................... 19 2.4.2 Lane Keeping Assistant....................................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Side Collision Warning and Avoidance .............................................................. 20 2.4.4 Driver Monitoring ............................................................................................... 21 2.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 21 3 Literature on user needs for driver support systems.................................................... 23 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 24 3.2 User needs surveys ....................................................................................................... 24 3.2.1 Marketing research.............................................................................................. 24 3.2.2 Stated preference data ......................................................................................... 25 3.3 User needs for driver support systems ......................................................................... 25 3.3.1 Conceptual framework of user needs .................................................................. 25 3.3.2 Characteristics of the driver ................................................................................ 26 3.3.3 Characteristics of the system............................................................................... 27 3.3.4 Characteristics of the traffic scene ...................................................................... 29 3.4 Implications for this research ....................................................................................... 30 i ii Driver Support in Congestion 4 User needs for driver assistance...................................................................................... 33 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 34 4.2 Set-up of user needs survey.......................................................................................... 34 4.2.1 Questionnaire design ........................................................................................... 34 4.2.2 Invitation of participants ..................................................................................... 36 4.2.3 Data collection and analysis................................................................................ 36 4.3 Results .......................................................................................................................... 37 4.3.1 Respondents......................................................................................................... 37 4.3.2 Driver support functions...................................................................................... 38 4.3.3 Ideal driver support system ................................................................................. 40 4.3.4 Influence of sample characteristics ..................................................................... 41 4.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 43 4.4.1 Overview of results ............................................................................................. 43 4.4.2 Implications for driver assistance........................................................................ 44 4.4.3 Conducting the survey......................................................................................... 45 4.4.4 Towards a Congestion Assistant ......................................................................... 46 4.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 46 5 Literature on effects of driver support systems on driving performance and acceptance .... 47 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 48 5.2 Driving simulator experiments....................................................................................