ABSTRACT GENDER, GENRE, AND GOSSIP IN BURNEY’S THE WITLINGS AND SHERIDAN’S THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL This thesis focuses on a comparison between Richard Sheridan’s The School for Scandal and Frances Burney’s unpublished play The Witlings to reveal how female satire writers such as Burney were marginalized in London society. Sheridan, because of his position in society as a male, was not limited in his success because he was able to publish and direct his play The School for Scandal without encountering the same barriers as Burney. The considerable differences in these playwrights’ access to the theater world can be revealed in an analysis of gender and genre in their plays. Additionally, a comparison of gossip, reveals that Burney and Sheridan used satire throughout The School for Scandal and The Witlings, with the hope of ridding London of its scandalmongers. Burney wanted to expose London of gossipmongers to show that the literati elite were snobs among London society. Sheridan had a satirical perspective on gossip to reveal that the refined women lowered their own status through spreading gossip throughout London. Kristen Michelle Johnson December 2012 GENDER, GENRE, AND GOSSIP IN BURNEY’S THE WITLINGS AND SHERIDAN’S THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL by Kristen Michelle Johnson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English in the College of Arts and Humanities California State University, Fresno December 2012 APPROVED For the Department of English: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Kristen Michelle Johnson Thesis Author John C. Beynon (Chair) English Ruth Jenkins English Lyn Johnson English For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. Signature of thesis author: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have many people to thank for helping me to finish this endeavor. Thanks to Dr. Beynon for having the patience to hear me ramble about Burney and Sheridan, and giving me great feedback on the content, grammar, and citing of my thesis. I would like to thank Dr. Johnson for agreeing to be my committee member at the last minute. I would like to thank Dr. Jenkins for helping me to determine the significance of comparing Burney and Sheridan throughout my thesis. Furthermore, I would also like to thank my family for supporting me as I hid out in my room for four and half months to write this thesis. I would like to thank my mom Barbara Arcure for always pushing me to work on my thesis. I would like to thank my dad and stepdad for their support as I have been writing and editing this thesis for the past couple years. Finally, this thesis could not have been completed without the help and support of my friends. I would first like to thank my best friend Cameron for listening to me talk about Burney and Sheridan for years. Thanks to Rudy Blanco for being supportive and distracting me when I needed it. I would like to thank Kristin Akina for reading the first drafts of my thesis and giving feedback on how to improve the content of my chapters. For Rosemary TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 Influence of Gender ........................................................................................... 2 Genre ................................................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER 2: EFFECTS OF GENDER ON PRODUCTION OF THE WITLINGS ..................................................................................................... 9 Eighteenth Century Perceptions of Women .................................................... 11 Women Writers ............................................................................................... 14 Summary ......................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3: THE PRODUCTION OF BURNEY’S THE WITLINGS AND SHERIDAN’S THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL ......................................... 29 Burney’s Decision to Write The Witlings ....................................................... 31 Opposition from Charles Burney and Samuel Crisp ....................................... 41 Sheridan and The School for Scandal ............................................................. 46 Concept ........................................................................................................... 47 Timing ............................................................................................................. 50 Producing The School for Scandal .................................................................. 51 Summary ......................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 4: THE USE OF COMEDY, WIT, AND SATIRE IN SHERIDAN’S THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL AND BURNEY’S THE WITLINGS .......................................................................................... 55 The Plots .......................................................................................................... 55 Comedy in The School for Scandal ................................................................. 56 Satire in The School for Scandal ..................................................................... 63 Wit in The School for Scandal ........................................................................ 66 Comedy in Burney’s Works ............................................................................ 67 vi vi Page Satire in Burney’s Works ................................................................................ 69 Wit in Burney’s Works ................................................................................... 70 Comparison of Sheridan and Burney .............................................................. 71 Summary ......................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 5: HOW GOSSIP IN THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL AND THE WITLINGS LOWERED THE CLASS OF UPPER WOMEN .................... 75 The Role of Gossip and Social Satire in The School for Scandal ................... 75 The Use of Gossip in Burney’s The Witlings .................................................. 83 The Mocking of the Literati Throughout The Witlings ................................... 86 Similarities and Differences Between The Witlings and The School for Scandal ................................................................................................. 91 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 93 WORKS CITED ..................................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The plays The School for Scandal by Richard Sheridan and The Witlings by Frances Burney were written three years apart; The School for Scandal was performed on May 7th, 1777, and Burney began working on her comedy a year or so later, completing it by 1780. The plays were very similar in terms of style and plot but they were received very differently. Sheridan’s The School for Scandal was a hit in the London theater world but Burney was never able to get The Witlings performed in a live theater. This thesis compares and contrasts the two contemporary pieces of eighteenth-century literature. Both Richard Sheridan’s The School for Scandal and Frances Burney’s The Witlings are satire. Both writers used the vehicle of satire to create social commentary on the aristocratic and literary salon groups of the 1770s. This social commentary was important because it skillfully exposed the flaws of upper-class men and women and lowered the aristocrats to the status of common people in the eyes of the residents of London. Burney used her ability as a writer to expose Londoners’ foibles in order to gain a sense of power because as a woman she was marginalized by the males in English society. Burney also used her writing abilities to transcend her position as a female in her patriarchal society, since this was the only realm that she could control. Sheridan, however, was able to use his writing abilities to ridicule the aristocracy without worrying about the same repercussions because he was a male in an upper class position in London who owned a theater. These comparisons among Sheridan and Burney reveal that gender heavily influenced one’s position among London society 2 2 Influence of Gender In the eighteenth century, being a woman with an interest outside the home, such as writing plays, was difficult. Elin Diamond, in her article “Gestus and Signature in Aphra Behn’s The Rover,” observed that women of that day were “market[ed]... in marriage and prostitution” (519). Diamond pointed out that women in Behn’s time—almost a century before Burney—“through marriage had evident exchange value; that is, the virgin became a commodity not only for her use-value but…for her portion,