Proceedings of the Seventh International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media [THIS SPACE MUST BE KEPT BLANK] The Secret Life of Online Moms: Anonymity and Disinhibition on YouBeMom.com Sarita Yardi Schoenebeck School of Information, University of Michigan [email protected] Abstract Moms are one of the fastest growing demographics online. Prior work has examined how moms seek health infor- While much is known about where they spend their time, mation and social support online (Plantin and Daneback little is known about how they spend it. Using a dataset of 2009; Sarkadi and Bremberg 2005). Related work has also over 51 million posts and comments from the website studied the role of the Internet in family life (Boneva et al. YouBeMom.com, this paper explores what kinds of topics moms talk about when they are not constrained by norms 2004; Kraut et al. 2002; Mesch 2006). Though motherhood and expectations of face-to-face culture. Results show that and the culture of information sharing has been studied ex- almost 5% of posts are about dh, or “dear husband,” but the- tensively in offline settings (e.g. Scott, Brady, and Glynn se posts tend to express more negative emotion than other 2001), less work has focused on how moms spend their posts. The average post is only 124 characters long and fam- time online. This is an important demographic to study. ily and daily life are common categories of posting. This suggests that YouBeMom is used as a fast-paced social out- One-third of all bloggers are moms, older moms are one of let that may not be available to moms in other parts of their the fastest growing demographics on Facebook, and lives. This work concludes with a discussion of anonymity younger moms are 85% more likely to visit Facebook than and disinhibition and puts forth a new provocation that the average user (Nielsen 2009). moms, too, spend time online “for the lulz.” On a theoretical level, YBM exposes the intersection of Introduction two distinct cultures: the empathetic culture of largely sup- portive parenting sites like iVillage.com or babycenter.com Theories about “mother blaming” have persisted in a varie- (Mickelson 1997; Plantin and Daneback 2009; Rheingold ty of forms, where mothers are expected to self- 1993; Sarkadi and Bremberg 2005) versus the culture of sacrificingly attend to their primary roles as childrearers. more degrading sites like 4chan, an anonymous and inhos- For example, maternal deprivation argued that a child pitable discussion board best known for its pranks and in- could be damaged if it was removed from a mother’s care appropriate content (Bernstein et al. 2011; Coleman 2012b, st for the first three years of life (Bowlby 1974). In the 21 2012c). Somewhat paradoxically, YBM traverses both cul- century, domestic ideologies and norms persist and moth- tures, presenting a new context for examining how ano- erhood continues to be a complex, heavily debated and nymity and disinhibition impact online behavior. sometimes stressful process (Chua 2011; Druckerman 2012; Nelson 2010). This paper presents the first study of Drawing on a combination of qualitative observations and an anonymous online forum for moms called YouBeMom computational techniques, this work analyzes site partici- (YBM), a distinct and captivating subculture of the Inter- pation using topic detection and frequency, sentiment anal- net. Using a dataset of over 51 million posts and comments ysis, and phrase net pattern matching. This paper concludes from YBM, this paper explores what kinds of topics moms with a discussion of disinhibition online and how social talk about when they are not constrained by social mores norms and expectations shape online mom culture. Under- and expectations of face-to-face parenting culture (Cherlin standing the myriad ways moms participate online could 2009; Nelson 2010; Stearns 2004). help us to develop new social support mechanisms that of- fer outlets for talking, venting, and sharing. Copyright © 2013, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelli- gence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. 555 Related Work sent an image of self in terms of approved social attributes” (Goffman 1956; Goffman 1955). Anonymity takes away YBM is unique because it violates many accepted norms of the need for face saving; taken literally, when the face is what we currently know about online parenting sites. This removed there is no longer a need to preserve it. Anonymi- section introduces these norms then frames the narrative ty also enables a process of disinhibition whereby people around anonymity and disinhibition, two characteristics have the ability to separate their actions online from their that vividly impact the nature of interactions on the site. face-to-face identity. By doing so, they may feel less vul- nerable about self-disclosing or acting out (Joinson 2001). Motherhood and Online Parenting Howard Rheingold’s seminal narrative, “The Virtual Anonymity leads to the disinhibition effect, where online Community,” begins with an account of his young daugh- actions are separated from offline ones (Siegel et al. 1986; ter’s illness (Rheingold 1993). He describes how he re- Suler 2004). These kinds of behaviors can be explained ceived help for her illness on the online community, The through a process of dissociation, whereby individuals WELL, before his wife received a call back from the doc- compartmentalize the part of themselves that they exhibit tor’s office. Rheingold’s report of the Parenting Confer- in an anonymous online setting (Suler 2004). Some early ence on The WELL depicted what he called: Internet sites were anonymous or pseudonymous because it was easier to architect an anonymous site than ones that “the warmly human corner of cyberspace… It was al- required usernames and logins. In other cases, anonymity so the immense inner sense of security that comes with discovering that real people—most of them par- was designed into newsgroups where topics were particu- ents, some of them nurses, doctors, and midwives— larly volatile, sensitive, controversial, or personal, such as are available, around the clock, if you need them.” alt.sex.bondage (Jekyll 2008). The psychology of early anonymous role playing, fantasy, and make-believe play Early studies of parenting boards showed that they were a worlds was well-documented by Sherry Turkle and others place where parents could go to find support about parent- in the early days of MUDS and MOOS (Curtis 1992; ing related topics (Mickelson 1997). Gender differences Turkle 1995). Today, most parenting sites are not anony- are evident in some of these boards. Prior work suggests mous. On sites like iVillage, babycenter.com, and bab- that women are emotionally-oriented online (Kraut et al. ble.com users share some amount of personally identifiable 2002), and that female-dominated sites are more likely to information over time such that their identity could be dis- be supportive (Korenman and Wyatt 1996; Sharf 1997). covered. However, there is also an active subculture of Women are more likely than men to react aversively to ag- anonymous online parenting sites, like YBM, UrbanBa- gression in online interaction, including ceasing contrib- by.com, and scarymommy.com. This paper explores ano- uting or visiting a service (Herring 1993a). nymity and disinhibition on these kinds of sites. Friedan wrote about “the problem that has no name” in 1963, which she identified as the unhappiness of middle- About YouBeMom class, educated, suburban housewives who were pressured into their maternal role and, thus, felt unfulfilled and dis- YBM is an anonymous message board for parents. Origi- contented (Friedan 1963). Simone Beauvoir, Friedan’s nally targeted towards moms, YBM is now branded broad- predecessor, said: “I do not reject motherhood… I’m ly as a parenting forum and community but its user base against circumstances under which mothers have to have appears to remain largely moms. YBM is purely text-based their children” (Schwarzer 1984). Mothers, in particular, and its simple interface may be surprising to a newcomer. are now tasked with balancing expectations and social There are no images, advertisements, usernames, or pro- pressures that can surface both online and offline; YBM is files and anyone can view content anonymously. Users a place where many of these pressures are surfaced. who want to post content are required to create an account with an email and password. When they log in they can Anonymity and Disinhibition view and manage their own history but they are not able to see other users’ accounts or history. Conversations on 1 On real name sites like Facebook , like in many face to YBM are short and abrupt. Like with many fast-paced dis- face conversations, people may be loath to admit failures cussion boards, such as Reddit or 4chan, YBM users can and weaknesses to a broad audience (Marwick 2012). We hit refresh persistently on the home page and watch con- may admit our failures to our closest friends, but we are versations unfold real-time. unlikely to broadcast them to our wider networks. This be- havior, known as “face saving,” depicts our desire to pre- Because everything is anonymous, there is no way of knowing YBM demographics with certainty. My observa- 1 https://www.facebook.com/help/292517374180078/ 556 tions on the site suggest that most posters are moms but (dear daughter) or dh (dear husband). Major YBM lan- some are also dads (or choose to self-identify as such). Ev- guage on the site was translated into language LIWC un- idence for this is the mom-centered nature of topics, such derstands. I used Word Tree visualizations in Many Eyes2 as breastfeeding, stay at home moms, nannies, choosing to display clusters of words that branch off from or branch schools, and meal preparation.