111th CONGRESS Printed for the use of the 2d Session Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe BEYOND CORPORATE RAIDING: A DISCUSSION OF ADVANCED FRAUD SCHEMES IN THE RUSSIAN MARKET NOVEMBER 9, 2010 Briefing of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe Washington: 2015 VerDate Sep 11 2014 04:03 Sep 01, 2015 Jkt 095243 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 3190 Sfmt 3190 E:\HR\OC\A243.XXX A243 smartinez on DSK4TPTVN1PROD with HEARINGS g:\graphics\CSCE.eps Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe 234 Ford House Office Building Washington, DC 20515 202–225–1901 [email protected] http://www.csce.gov Legislative Branch Commissioners SENATE HOUSE BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, MARYLAND, ALCEE L. HASTINGS, FLORIDA, Chairman Co-Chairman CHRISTOPHER DODD, CONNECTICUT EDWARD MARKEY, MASSACHUSETTS SAM BROWNBACK, KANSAS LOUISE MCINTOSH SLAUGHTER, SAXBY CHAMBLISS, GEORGIA NEW YORK RICHARD BURR, NORTH CAROLINA MIKE MCINTYRE, NORTH CAROLINA ROGER WICKER, MISSISSIPPI G.K. BUTTERFIELD, NORTH CAROLINA JEANNE SHAHEEN, NEW HAMPSHIRE JOSEPH PITTS, PENNSYLVANIA SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, RHODE ISLAND ROBERT ADERHOLT, ALABAMA TOM UDALL, NEW MEXICO DARRELL ISSA, CALIFORNIA EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS MICHAEL POSNER, Department of State ALEXANDER VERSHBOW, Department of Defense (II) VerDate Sep 11 2014 04:03 Sep 01, 2015 Jkt 095243 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 3190 Sfmt 3190 E:\HR\OC\A243.XXX A243 smartinez on DSK4TPTVN1PROD with HEARINGS ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE The Helsinki process, formally titled the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, traces its origin to the signing of the Helsinki Final Act in Finland on August 1, 1975, by the leaders of 33 European countries, the United States and Canada. As of January 1, 1995, the Helsinki process was renamed the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The membership of the OSCE has expanded to 56 partici- pating States, reflecting the breakup of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The OSCE Secretariat is in Vienna, Austria, where weekly meetings of the partici- pating States’ permanent representatives are held. In addition, specialized seminars and meetings are convened in various locations. Periodic consultations are held among Senior Officials, Ministers and Heads of State or Government. Although the OSCE continues to engage in standard setting in the fields of military security, economic and environmental cooperation, and human rights and humanitarian concerns, the Organization is primarily focused on initiatives designed to prevent, manage and resolve conflict within and among the participating States. The Organization deploys numerous missions and field activities located in Southeastern and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. The website of the OSCE is: <www.osce.org>. ABOUT THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, also known as the Helsinki Commission, is a U.S. Government agency created in 1976 to monitor and encourage compliance by the participating States with their OSCE commitments, with a particular emphasis on human rights. The Commission consists of nine members from the United States Senate, nine mem- bers from the House of Representatives, and one member each from the Departments of State, Defense and Commerce. The positions of Chair and Co-Chair rotate between the Senate and House every two years, when a new Congress convenes. A professional staff assists the Commissioners in their work. In fulfilling its mandate, the Commission gathers and disseminates relevant informa- tion to the U.S. Congress and the public by convening hearings, issuing reports that reflect the views of Members of the Commission and/or its staff, and providing details about the activities of the Helsinki process and developments in OSCE participating States. The Commission also contributes to the formulation and execution of U.S. policy regarding the OSCE, including through Member and staff participation on U.S. Delega- tions to OSCE meetings. Members of the Commission have regular contact with parliamentarians, government officials, representatives of non-governmental organiza- tions, and private individuals from participating States. The website of the Commission is: <www.csce.gov>. (III) VerDate Sep 11 2014 04:03 Sep 01, 2015 Jkt 095243 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 3190 Sfmt 3190 E:\HR\OC\A243.XXX A243 smartinez on DSK4TPTVN1PROD with HEARINGS BEYOND CORPORATE RAIDING: A DISCUSSION OF ADVANCED FRAUD SCHEMES IN THE RUSSIAN MARKET —————— NOVEMBER 9, 2010 WITNESS Page Alexei Navalny, Founder, Minor Shareholders Association ...................................................... 3 PARTICIPANT Kyle Parker, Policy Advisor, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe ................ 1 (IV) VerDate Sep 11 2014 04:03 Sep 01, 2015 Jkt 095243 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 3190 Sfmt 3190 E:\HR\OC\A243.XXX A243 smartinez on DSK4TPTVN1PROD with HEARINGS BEYOND CORPORATE RAIDING: A DISCUSSION OF ADVANCED FRAUD SCHEMES IN THE RUSSIAN MARKET —————— November 9, 2010 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe Washington, DC The briefing was held at 2:00 p.m. EST in 1539 Longworth House Office Building, Washington D.C., Kyle Parker, Policy Adviser, Helsinki Commission, presiding. Mr. PARKER. I’d like to call the briefing to order. Welcome everybody, on behalf of our chairman, Sen. Ben Cardin, to today’s briefing at the Helsinki Commission entitled, ‘‘Beyond Corporate Raiding: A Discussion of Advanced Fraud Schemes in the Russian Market’’. We are very happy to have Alexei Navalny here as our featured panelist. This is a public briefing. It is being recorded and will be transcribed and result in an official government transcript, much like a hearing. We are able to take public ques- tions. So please, while you listen to the presentations, be thinking of good questions. One of my favorite parts of a briefing is that we really can have almost an informal, focused, guided discussion. Before we begin, I just wanted to mention a couple quick things about the commis- sion. We were founded in 1976 by an act of Congress, and our mandate is to monitor the implementation of the Helsinki Accords and subsequent commitments; and with par- ticular focus on the third dimension, which is the human dimension. As the basis for our work, one of the commitments, the 1991 Moscow concluding docu- ments, states, ‘‘The participating states emphasize that issues relating to human rights, fundamental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law are of international concern. As respect for these rights and freedoms constitutes one of the foundations of international order, they categorically and irrevocably declare that the commitments undertaken in the field of the human dimension of the CSCE are matters of direct and legitimate concern to all participating states, and do not belong exclusively to the internal affairs of the state concerned.’’ So that’s sort of the framework and the basis in which we operate. The topic of this briefing sort of grew out of a lot of our focus this year on rule of law, corruption, trans- parency, good governance issues—particularly in Russia. And certainly, the past few weeks, there’s been no shortage of items in the news. I also just wanted to read into the record a couple quick statements on the issue of corruption in Russia from three Russian leaders, and the first is from President Yeltsin: ‘‘I know that you have some doubt in our victory over corruption. But I have resolve and (1) VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:35 Sep 01, 2015 Jkt 095243 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 3191 Sfmt 3191 E:\HR\OC\A243.XXX A243 smartinez on DSK4TPTVN1PROD with HEARINGS political will, and your support in this fight. I will fight this to the end. People will be afraid to misappropriate public funds and take bribes.’’ That was in 1997. Something from Putin: ‘‘I make this point now because despite all the efforts we have made, we have still not managed to remove one of the greatest obstacles facing our devel- opment—that of corruption.’’ And now, a couple words from President Medvedev: ‘‘Corruption is the greatest enemy of a free and democratic society.’’ And a little more at length here, in an address to the Federal Assembly in 2009—President Medvedev again: ‘‘Personal success, encouragement of initiative, a better quality of public discussion and zero tolerance of corruption should become part of our national culture, an intrinsic part of who we are. In Russia, we often say that there are a few cases in which corrupt officials are prosecuted. I want to cite a few figures: In just six months of this year, we have received more than 4,500 cases of corruption, convicting 532 officials of government authorities and local self-government bodies, and more than 700 law-enforcement officers. These figures unfortunately show the extent to which corruption has infected our society. However, simply incarcerating a few will not resolve the problem. But incarcer- ated they must be. To successfully combat corruption, all spheres of government must become more transparent, including the activities of public authorities, courts and other judicial bodies. We shall overcome underdevelopment and corruption because we are a strong and free people, and deserve a normal life in a modern, prosperous democratic society.’’ I thought it might be helpful to put those out. I know we’re quite familiar with state- ments of legal nihilism and other things, but to have some of that before us in a little bit more detail. Today’s briefing also features some testimony for the record from a couple people who unfortunately could not be with us today. The first one is Yana Yakovleva, who is a Russian businesswoman. And she had an experience of being arrested under false pre- tenses and spending the better part of a half of a year in jail; a phenomenon that’s unfortu- nately all too common in the Russian market. And she now continues her work at her company; as well, splits her time with a new NGO called Business Solidarity.