« Why do we invest in Space » Dr. Volker Liebig Director of Earth Observation Programmes, ESA SPACE DAY Vienna 27th March 2007 http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 1 Austria from space http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 2 1 The European Space Agency The idea of an independent European space agency dates back to the early 1960’s. ESA was formed in 1975, replacing the satellite and launcher organisations ESRO and ELDO. Today ESA has 17 Member States. http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 3 ESA Member States ESA has 17 Member States : • Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom • Hungary, the Czech Republic and Romania are European Cooperating States • Canada takes part in some projects under a cooperation agreement 1987 http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 4 2 An inter-governmental organisation The purpose with a mission to provide and promote - for exclusively peaceful purposes - of ESA the exploitation of: • Space science, research & technology • Space applications. ESA achieves this through: • Space activities and programmes • Long term space policy • A specific industrial policy • Coordinating European with national space programmes. http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 5 All Member States participate in activities and a common set of programmes related to Space Science (mandatory programmes). In addition, members chose the level of participation in so called optional programmes: Human space flight Microgravity research Earth observation Telecommunications Satellite navigation Launcher development http://www.esa.int 10/200610/2004 - 4- 6 3 ESTEC - Noordwijk, the European Space Research and ESA headquarters Technology Centre and establishments Staff - 1074 EAC - Cologne, Germany HEADQUARTERS - Paris, France European Astronaut Centre ESA headquarters houses the Director Staff - 16 General’s office, general administration and the main programme directorates. ESOC -Darmstadt, Germany Staff - 367 (including Brussels, Kourou European Space Operations liaison, Moscow, Toulouse, Washington Centre offices). Staff – 251 (including Houston Office) ESRIN - Frascati, European Space Research Institute Staff - 174 ESAC - Villafranca, European Staff in post at 28/02/07, total: 1894 Space Astronomy Centre Staff - 12 http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 7 ESA is responsible for research The birth of and development of space projects. commercial operators • On completion of qualification, these projects are handed over to outside bodies for the production/exploitation phase. Operational systems are transferred to new or specially established organisations: • Launchers: Arianespace - launcher production phase and launch operations • Telecommunications: Eutelsat & Inmarsat - international communications services via ECS/MARECS • Meteorology: Eumetsat - Meteosat weather satellites, Metop • Satellite Navigation: Galileo Supervisory Authority – GSA (E.U. Agency) http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 8 4 For over 30 years ESA's space science Space projects have shown the scientific Science benefits of multi-nation cooperation. Areas covered by ESA: • Space environment of the Earth • Solar-terrestrial interaction • Interplanetary medium • Moon, planets and other objects • Stars and the universe • Fundamental Physics http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 9 Science missions of today (excerpt) • Ulysses (1990-...) - (with NASA) heliospheric studies • Cassini-Huygens (1997-2005-...) to Saturn & Titan • Newton (XMM) (1999-...) Multi Mirror mission • Cluster 2 (2000-...) Earth’s magnetosphere • Mars Express (2003-...) to Mars • SMART-1 (2003-2006) to the Moon • Rosetta (2004-...) to comet First image of Titan’s surface Churyumov-Gerasimenko • Venus Express (2005-...) to Venus http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 10 5 Hubble Cluster 2 Cassini / Ulysses Huygens Soho Newton (XMM) http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 11 Planet Mars (Mars Express) Titan (Cassini-Huygens) http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 12 6 Spacecraft / Satellites Examples of Austrian competences Austrian Aerospace, SIEMENS, Magna Steyr: development of space-qualified hardware and software, technology transfer ¾ e.g. satellite on-board electronics & mechanics, thermal hardware, ground support equipment ¾ mission control S/W, sat communication, etc. Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (APC) experiment onboard Huygens GCS, Plansee, Joanneum Research, Austrian Research Centres Seibersdorf: aerospace technologies, space propulsion, space applications, communication & navigation http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 13 Space Science & Exploration Examples of Austrian involvement The Cassini-Huygens mission as example of Austrian High-Tech: electronics for the ACP instrument, swivel mechanism, thermal insulation, electric and mechanic ground equipment Institut für Weltraumforschung, Austrian Academy of Sciences: experimental space research, extraterrestrial physics, satellite geodesy – involvement i.a. with Cluster, BepiColombo, Venus Express, Huygens, Rosetta, GOCE, Mars Express, etc. http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 14 7 International Elements of European contribution • Development & operation of flight elements Space Station and associated ground infrastructure: - Columbus Laboratory - Automated Transport Vehicle (ATV) • Development and delivery of hardware and software to partners: Node 2, Node 3, Data Management System for the Russian Service Module (Zvezda), European Robotic Arm, Cupola, and other elements • Development of multi-user experiment facilities on ISS, in the framework of the Microgravity Facilities for Columbus programme • Preparation for the operation & utilisation of ISS; Preparation for astronaut activities on ISS http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 15 http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 16 8 AURORA: human & robotic exploration A long-term plan for exploration activities: • Preparation of enabling technologies and infrastructures as well as preparation / demonstration of core capabilities needed for next step in space exploration • European participation in a human space transportation programme (CSTS – Crew Space Transportation System) • Participation to moon orbit and/or moon surface infrastructure or other exploration missions • A new mission to Mars with a launch planned in 2020 http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 17 Earth Observation: from understanding planet Earth to operational services T h e c h a l l e n g e o f G l o b a l C h a n g e IPCC Report 2007 (1st part): Global temperature increase between + 1.8 and 4.0 deg. until 2100 Arctic: ice-free as of 2nd half of the century Sea level rise: up to 48cm until 2100 Permafrost: up to 90% melting until 2100, freeing high amounts of Methane gas Precipitation: decrease in arid regions and increase in wet areas Storms and surges: less in number but significantly stronger in intensity Gulf Stream: significantly weakened http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 18 9 Envisat Envisat celebrated 5th year in space on 28 February, fulfilling its expected lifetime, and expected to operate until 2010 280 GB of data products generated per day, 78 types of data products available, more than 1200 projects currently served http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 19 Major scientific results of ENVISAT and ERS Climate change: Global sea level rise of ~3mm/year and sea surface temperature increase of ~0.1 deg. C since 1992 (Envisat + ERS). Atmosphere: Worldwide monitoring of air pollution, with evidence of fast growing air pollution in China since 1995 (Envisat + ERS-2). Polar areas: Daily monitoring of sea ice motion and observation of Antarctica ice-shelves collapse. Ozone hole Oceanography: Quantification of global chlorophyll concentration, an index of the oceanic phytoplankton biomass. Tectonics: Identification of the blind tectonic fault at the origin of the Bam earthquake in December 2003. NO2 / SCIAMACHY (Jan. 2003 - June 2004) http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 20 10 GOCE 7th EE SMOS EARTH CARE ADM AEOLUS SWARM CRYOSAT 2 http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 21 Long-term operational Earth monitoring Cooperation with EUMETSAT: Meteosat and Metop Meteosat / MSG Metop Since 1978, ESA has Europe’s first polar developed 9 orbiting satellite for Meteosat satellites op. meteorology Launch of Metop-A: 19.10.2006 MSG-2 21.12.2005 http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 22 11 Global Monitoring European independence in critical data sources for environmental monitoring and security for Environment and the European contribution to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) Security (GMES) ESA is in charge of the implementation of the GMES Space Component (GSC) The GSC comprises: Development, launch and IOV of the Sentinels Ground Segment Access to EO data for ESA, Eumetsat, Member States’ missions and TPM for GMES services (Fast Track) Development of Sentinel Ground Segment 2007: decision for transition to Phase 2 http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 23 Earth observation Examples of Austrian involvement GeoVille: market leader for Earth observation applications in spatial planning; Austrian lead organisation in GMES Land GeoSpace: Earth observation applications, public outreach gcs: development of the ENVISAT data dissemination system http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 24 12 Telecommunications: a commercial success Telecommunications Satellites represent the largest worldwide commercial space market. Key areas of interest to ESA are: • Fixed services • Broadcasting • Mobile communications • Navigation • Data relay • Multimedia http://www.esa.int 10/2006 - 25 • A complete civil satellite navigation system Galileo: satellite developed by ESA and the EU