Genres in Literature PART ONE TEACHER’ S EDITION 1 UNIT SKILLS OUTLINE Literary Skills and Concepts Aim, 29, 31 Allusion, 52, 58 Character, 17, 22, 33 Dialect, 45, 50 Epic, 5 Fable, 4, 33, 35 Fairy Tale, 4, 17, 22 Flat Character, 17 Folk Song, 4, 45, 50 Folk Tale, 4, 29, 31 Foreshadowing, 10, 15 Full Character, 17 Irony of Situation, 37, 43 Irony, 37, 43 Legend, 4, 37, 43 Moral, 11, 15 Motif, 17, 22 Myth, 4, 6, 10 One-Dimensional Character, 17, 33, 35 Parable, 4, 24, 27 Personification, 29, 31 Proverb, 5 Repetition, 52, 58 Rounded Character, 17 Spiritual, 5 Suspension of Disbelief, 6, 10 Symbol, 24, 27 Tall Tale, 4 Three-Dimensional Character, 17, 33, 35 Writing Skills and Concepts Oral History, 62 Proofreading Checklist, 69 Self- and Peer Evaluation, 68 Language, Grammar, and Style Combining and Expanding Sentences, 71 Complete Predicate, 23 Complete Subject, 23 Complex Sentence, 69 Compound Sentence, 67 Compound Simple Subjects and Verbs, 59 Compound-Complex Sentence, 70 Coordinating Conjunctions, 67 Dialects, 51 Finding the Simple Subject and Farm Scene with River, c.1900s. Grandma Moses. Private Collection. Verb, 32, 36 Functions of Sentences, 16 Parts of Speech, 44 Sentence Fragments, 28 Simple Sentence, 67 GOALS/OBJECTIVES Studying this unit will enable students to character, dialect, foreshadowing, irony, irony of • appreciate reading literature from the folk tradition situation, moral, motif, personification, repetition, • name and describe the different genres of folklore, suspension of disbelief, and symbol including myths, fairy tales, parables, fables, tall • write an oral history tales, folk songs, legends, spirituals, epics, and • demonstrate an ability to use sentence variety proverbs effectively in their writing • define and explain examples of aim, allusion, 2 TEACHER’S EDITION CROSS-CURRICULAR CONNECTIONS ARTS AND HUMANITIES Art of Kate Bunce, 19 Caravaggio Art, 9 Charting Grimm Fairy Tales, 18 Comparing and Contrasting Gospel Versions, 25 Contrasting Fionn with King Arthur, 38 Discussing “Rumpelstiltskin,” 21 Dramatizing a Parable, 26 Eastman Johnson Art, 55 Examining Fables, 34 “Follow the Drinking Gourd,” 53 Greek Pantheon, 7 Influence of Music, 57 King Minos’s Labyrinth, 12 Legend and Hero Talk Show, 38 Legends in American Folklore, 40 Lyrics of Contemporary Folk Artists, 46 Music Inspired by Fairy Tales, 19 Myth of the Minotaur, 11 Names in Myths, 7 Palmer Hayden Art, 47 Relating Family Stories, 5 Rembrandt and Enlightenment, 25 Sequel to “The White Snake,” 18 Tree of Life Stories, 21 Tricksters in The Sting, 29 Trickster Tales around the World, 29 MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES Echoes as Scientific Phenomena, 8 History of Flight, 11 Human Flight Research, 13 Narcissus Flower Research, 9 SOCIAL STUDIES Folk Tales from World Cultures, 29 Greek Island Geography, 12 History of Slavery, 53 If a nation loses its storytellers, Industrial Revolution, 46 “ Irish Names, 39 it loses its childhood. Underground Railroad, 53 ” APPLIED ARTS Career and Identity, 46 —Peter Handle History of Flight, 11 TEACHING THE MULTIPLE UNIT ONE INTELLIGENCES MUSICAL Folksong Research, 49 “Follow the Drinking Gourd,” TEACHING THE MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES (CONT.) 53 Influence of Music, 57 Song Performance, 53 John Henry Folk Song, 46 Trickster Tales around the World, 29 SPATIAL Lyrics of Contemporary Folk Art of Kate Bunce, 19 Artists, 46 LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL Caravaggio Art, 9 Music Inspired by Fairy Tales, Analyzing Female Characters in Fairy Tales, 19 Charting Grimm Fairy Tales, 18 19 Comparing and Contrasting Gospel Versions, 25 Eastman Johnson Art, 55 Musical Preferences, 47 Contrasting Fionn with King Arthur, 38 Echoes as Scientific Phenomena, 8 Continued on page 4 TEACHER’S EDITION 3 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ELEMENTS THE FOLK TRADITION UNIT 1 RESOURCE BOOK of • Selection Check Test 4.1.1 • Selection Test 4.1.2 re there favorite stories that people in your down the cherry tree. An example in this unit is Afamily like to tell? When you were a child, “The Silver Pool,” which tells a story of the leg- did people tell you bedtime stories? Did you endary Irish, or Celtic, hero Fionn MacCumhail. learn rhymes and jingles and songs from your FOLK TALES. Folk tales are brief stories passed by ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS friends? Have you ever sat around a campfire word of mouth from generation to generation. AND ACTIVITIES and told ghost stories? Have you ever heard a “Goha and the Pot,” found in this unit, is a minister, priest, rabbi, or teacher tell a story to North African folk tale. Ask students the following make a point? If so, then you have experienced TALL TALES. Tall tales are also folk tales. Tall tales questions: Does anyone in your the oral tradition. family tell stories? Does anyone are often light-hearted or humorous, and con- One good definition of human beings is sing songs? What kinds of tain highly exaggerated, unrealistic elements. stories or songs does that that we are storytelling creatures. Long before The stories of Paul Bunyan and Pecos Bill are person recite? Do the stories or people invented writing, they were telling tall tales. songs have a particular purpose? Do stories about their gods and heroes and experi- FAIRY TALES. Fairy tales are stories that deal with they express a message? If so, what ences. The best of these stories were passed by mischievous spirits and other supernatural is that purpose or message? Students word-of-mouth from generation to generation might collect stories and songs occurrences, often in medieval settings. The to form the basis of the literature that we know traditionally told in their families to name is generally applied to stories of the kinds today. Some early stories were told in the form share with the class. Students can collected by Charles Perrault in France and the then compare the stories from their of poems. Some were in the form of songs. Brothers Grimm in Germany or told by Hans families to the selections in this unit. Others were in the form of what we would Christian Andersen of Denmark. “Cinderella” In what ways are their purposes and now call prose tales. and “The Little Mermaid” are famous exam- messages different? The passing of stories, poems, and songs by ples. “The White Snake,” found in this unit, is word-of-mouth from person to person is called another famous fairy tale from the European oral transmission. The body of work created oral tradition. TEACHING THE MULTIPLE in this way in a particular culture is called that INTELLIGENCES (CONT. FROM PAGE 3) culture’s oral tradition. PARABLES. Parables are very brief stories told to teach a moral lesson. The most famous parables are those told by Jesus in the Bible. Greek Island Geography, 12 Types of Oral Literature “The Prodigal Son,” found in this unit, is one History of Flight, 11 Narcissus Flower Research, 9 MYTHS. Myths are stories that explain objects such parable. Palmer Hayden Art, 47 or events in the natural world as resulting from FABLES. Fables are brief stories, often with Rembrandt and Enlightenment, 25 the action of some supernatural force or entity, animal characters, told to express a moral. Sequel to “The White Snake,” 18 most often a god. Every early culture around Famous fables include those of Æsop and Jean Story Maps, 18 the globe has produced its own myths. Two de La Fontaine. In this unit you will find the KINESTHETIC Greek myths appear in this unit: “The Story fable “The Fox and the Crow,” by Æsop. Dramatizing a Parable, 26 of Echo and Narcissus,” retold by Walker FOLK SONGS. Folk songs are traditional or Folksong Research, 49 Brents, and “The Story of Dædalus and Icarus,” composed songs typically made up of stanzas, Legend and Hero Talk Show, 38 translated by Rolfe Humphries. a refrain, and a simple melody. A form of folk EGENDS INTERPERSONAL L . Legends are stories coming down literature, folk songs are expressions of com- Analyzing Female Characters in Fairy from the past, often based on real events or monly shared ideas or feelings and may be Tales, 19 characters from older times. Unlike myths, leg- narrative or lyric in style. Traditional folk songs Career and Identity, 46 ends are popularly regarded as historical; how- are anonymous songs that have been transmit- Discussing “Rumpelstiltskin,” 21 ever, they may contain elements that are fan- ted orally. Examples include the ballad “John Dramatizing a Parable, 26 tastic or unverifiable. An example of a legend is Henry,” found in this unit. Echoes as Scientific Phenomena, 9 Folk Tales from World Cultures, 29 the story of George Washington chopping Greek Pantheon, 7 4 UNIT ONE Influence of Music, 57 Legend and Hero Talk Show, 38 Legends in American Folklore, 40 Musical Preferences, 47 Narcissus Flower Research, 9 Relating Family Stories, 5 Tree of Life Stories, 21 4 TEACHER’S EDITION SELECTION CHECK TEST 4.1.1 WITH ANSWERS Literary Tools Match each literary term with its description. You may not use every letter, and you may use some letters more than once. a. myth b. tall tale c. legends d. oral tradition e. spiritual 1. stories that may contain elements of fantasy but are generally based on real events or people; c 2. produced by a culture as a way of explaining objects or events in nature; a 3. the passing of stories, poems, and songs by word of mouth; d 4. works that often refer to passages in the Bible; e 5. one example is the story of George Washington chopping down the cherry tree; c True or False 1. “Haste makes waste” is an example of a proverb. True 2. A theme is a central idea in a literary work. True 3. Refrain is found only in song, and repetition is found only in poetry.