Fair Use of this PDF file of Raspberry and Blackberry Production Guide for the Northeast, Midwest, and Eastern Canada, NRAES-35 Lori Bushway, Marvin Pritts, and David Handley, technical editors Published by NRAES, May 2008 This PDF file is for viewing only. If a paper copy is needed, we encourage you to purchase a copy as described below. Be aware that practices, recommendations, and economic data may have changed since this book was published. Text can be copied. The book, authors, and NRAES should be acknowledged. Here is a sample acknowledgement: ---- From Raspberry and Blackberry Production Guide for the Northeast, Midwest, and Eastern Canada, NRAES-35, Lori Bushway, Marvin Pritts, and David Handley, technical editors, and published by NRAES (2008).---- No use of the PDF should diminish the marketability of the printed version. This PDF should not be used to make copies of the book for sale or distribution. If you have questions about fair use of this PDF, contact NRAES. Purchasing the Book You can purchase printed copies on NRAES’ secure web site, www.nraes.org, or by calling (607) 255-7654. Quantity discounts are available. NRAES PO Box 4557 Ithaca, NY 14852-4557 Phone: (607) 255-7654 Fax: (607) 254-8770 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nraes.org More information on NRAES is included at the end of this PDF. NRAES is sponsored by these Land Grant Universities University of Connecticut University of Delaware University of the District of Columbia University of Maine University of Maryland University of New Hampshire Rutgers University Cornell University University of Vermont Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University West Virginia University For more information about NRAES, see the inside back cover. The Raspberry and Blackberry Production Guide was sponsored by the following companies. They provided funds to help pay for the production costs of the book. Nourse Farms Trellis Growing Systems LLC (TGS) Hartmann’s Plant Company Norcal Nursery, Inc. For more information about the sponsors, see page 157. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION NRAES–35 Raspberry & Blackberry Production Guide For the Northeast, Midwest, and Eastern Canada Technical Editors Lori Bushway, Extension Horticulturist Department of Horticulture, Cornell University Marvin Pritts, Horticulturist Department of Horticulture, Cornell University David Handley, Extension Horticulturist University of Maine at Highmoor Farm Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service Cooperative Extension P.O. Box 4557 Ithaca, New York 14852-4557 NRAES–35 May 2008 © 2008 by NRAES (Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service). All rights reserved. Inquiries invited. ISBN-13: 978-1-933395-18-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Raspberry and blackberry production guide for the Northeast, Midwest, and Eastern Canada / technical editors, Lori Bushway, Marvin Pritts, David Handley. p. cm. — (NRAES ; 35) ISBN 978-1-933395-18-0 1. Raspberries—Northeastern States. 2. Raspberries—Middle West. 3. Raspberries—Canada, Eastern. 4. Blackberries—Northeastern States. 5. Blackberries—Middle West. 6. Blackberries—Canada, Eastern. I. Bushway, Lori J., date II. Pritts, Marvin Paul. III. Handley, David T. IV. Series: NRAES (Series) ; 35. SB386.R3R37 2008 634'.7110971—dc22 2008005189 Requests to reprint parts of this publication should be sent to NRAES. In your request, please state which parts of the publication you would like to reprint and describe how you intend to use the material. Contact NRAES if you have any questions. To order additional copies, contact: Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service (NRAES) Cooperative Extension PO Box 4557, Ithaca, New York 14852-4557 Phone: (607) 255-7654 • Fax: (607) 254-8770 E-mail: [email protected] • Web site: www.nraes.org Contents Acknowledgments . iv About the Authors . v Introduction . 1 1. The History and Biology of Cultivated Raspberries and Blackberries . 3 2. Site Selection and Site Preparation . 10 3. Plant Selection . 17 4. Production Methods . 28 5. Trellising and Pruning Brambles . 39 6. Water Management . 51 7. Soil and Nutrient Management . 64 8. Insect and Mite Scouting and Management . 79 9. Disease Management and Physiological Disorders . 92 10. Weed Management . 111 11. Spray Application Technology . 116 12. Harvesting, Handling, and Transporting Fresh Fruit . 132 13. Marketing Bramble Fruits . 138 14. Budgeting . 148 Glossary . 154 Table of Conversions . 156 About NRAES . Inside Back Cover iii Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the following for providing content for earlier editions of this guide: James Bartsch, Mark Castaldi, Malcolm Dana, Donald Daum, Gene Galletta, Barbara Goulart, William Lord, Ian Merwin, James Mitchell, Steve Spangler, Herbert Stiles, and Catherine Violette. The authors would like to thank the following for providing helpful reviews: Adam Dale, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Simcoe, ON, Canada. Kathleen Demchak, Department of Horticulture, Penn State, University Park, PA. Gina Fernandez, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Pam Fisher, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Simcoe, ON, Canada. Sonia Schloemann, Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, West Experiment Station, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. Wen-fei Uva, formerly with Department of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Illustrations by: Marcia Eames-Sheavly and Akemi Ohira except figure 11.8 by Mark L. Kogut. Editing by Joy Freeman and Marty Sailus; Design by Joy Freeman. Photo Credits Photos are referenced by figure number. T.J. Burr: 9.25 S.N. Jeffers: 9.13, 9.14, 9.15 J.F. Dill, Maine Cooperative Extension Service, R. Martin: 9.7, 9.8 Orono, ME: 8.7, 8.8, 8.11, 8.23, 8.25, 8.28, 8.29, 8.30, 8.33, 8.35, 8.40 Entomology Department, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY: M.A. Ellis: 9.1, 9.2, 9.11, 9.20, 9.24 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.9, 8.10, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.17, 8.18, 8.19, 8.20, 8.21, P. Fisher: 9.4, 9.27 © Queen’s Printer for 8.22, 8.24, 8.27, 8.31, 8.32, 8.34, 8.36, 8.37, Ontario, 2007. Reproduced with permission. 8.38, 8.39, 8.41, 8.42, 8.43, 8.44, 8.45 M.C. Heidenreich: 8.26, 9.3, 9.5, 9.10, 9.12, All other photos provided by the authors. 9.16, 9.17 iv About the Authors The chapters each author contributed to are listed in parentheses after his or her affiliation. Arthur Agnello is an entomologist in the Department of Pam Fisher is a berry crop specialist with Ontario Min- Entomology, Cornell University at the New York State istry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Simcoe, Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. (Chapter 8) ON. (Chapters 2 and 9) Lori Bushway is an extension horticulturist in the Depart- Bob Martin is a plant pathology research leader with ment of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. USDA-ARS Horticulture Crops Research Unit, Corval- (Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5 and 13) lis, OR. (Chapter 9) Michael Celetti is a plant pathologist in horticulture Olga Padilla-Zakour is Director of the New York State crops with Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Food Venture Center in the Department of Food Sci- Rural Affairs, Bovey Building, University of Guelph, ence and Technology, Cornell University at the New Guelph, ON. (Chapter 9) York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, Kathleen Demchak is an extension horticulturist in the NY. (Chapter 13) Department of Horticulture, Penn State, University Park, Marvin Pritts is a horticulturist in the Department of PA. (Chapter 4) Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. (introduc- Larry Geohring is an agriculture engineer in the Depart- tion and chapters 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13 and 14) ment of Biological and Environmental Engineering, William Turechek is a research plant pathologist with Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. (Chapter 6) the Fruit Laboratory, USDA, ARS, BA, PSI, Beltsville, David Handley is an extension horticulturist with the MD. (Chapter 9) University of Maine at the Highmoor Farm, Monmouth, Chris Watkins is a postharvest physiologist in the Depart- Maine. (Chapter 3,11) ment of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. (Chapter 12) Cathy Heidenreich is a Small Fruit Extension Support Specialist, Department of Horticulture, Cornell Univer- Courtney Weber is a plant breeder in the Department sity, Ithaca, NY and Research Support Specialist, Depart- of Horticultural Sciences, Cornell University at the New ment of Plant Pathology, New York State Agricultural York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. (Chapters 8, 9, 11) NY. (Chapter 3) Andrew Landers is a pesticide application technology Anne Verhallen is a soil management specialist in hor- specialist in the Department of Entomology, Cornell ticulture crops with the Ontario Ministry of Agricul- University at the New York State Agricultural Experi- ture, Food and Rural Affairs in Ridgetown, Ontario. ment Station, Geneva, NY. (Chapter 11) (Chapter 2) Greg English-Loeb is an entomologist in the Depart- Wayne Wilcox is a plant pathologist in the Department ment of Entomology, Cornell University at the New of Plant Pathology, Cornell University at the New York York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. NY. (Chapter 8) (Chapter 9) v This page is from Raspberry and Blackberry Production Guide: For the Northeast, Midwest, and Eastern Canada, NRAES-35. To purchase the book, visit www.sare.org or www.nraes.org, or call (607) 255-7654. Page 1 of this PDF has fair use information. .......... Introduction Bramble fruits are the raspberries and blackberries of The grower’s ability to produce high-quality fruit and our farms, gardens, fields, and woodlands. They are fresh realize a profit while minimizing negative environmental fruit favorites and desired ingredients in jams, jellies, impacts will largely determine the long-term success of sauces, pies, and wines. Raspberry and blackberry fruits a bramble operation.