doi 10.4436/jass.97003 JASs Do it yourself Journal of Anthropological Sciences Vol. 97 (2019), pp. 107-134 Workflows in a Virtual Morphology Lab: 3D scanning, measuring, and printing Markus Bastir1, Daniel García-Martínez1, Nicole Torres-Tamayo1, Carlos A. Palancar1, Francisco Javier Fernández-Pérez1, Alberto Riesco-López1, Pedro Osborne-Márquez1, María Ávila2 & Pilar López-Gallo3 1) Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, (MNCN-CSIC). J. G. Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain e-mail: [email protected] 2) Bellas Artes, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Calle Pintor el Greco, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain 3) Comunicación y Programas Públicos, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC); J. G. Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain Summary - The aim of this paper is to give a practical overview, showing how recent available digital technology can be combined to build a laboratory capable to produce 3D (and reproduce in 3D) anatomical models for research, teaching and museum exhibitions on topics related to anatomy, morphology in natural sciences, biology and medicine. We present workflows in our Virtual Morphology Lab that can be used for research, training (museum, academic), and external service. We first review different surface scanning equipment and post-processing techniques that are useful for scanning in museum collections and provide technical recommendations for hard- and software as well as storing media on the web. This section is followed by an overview of available software packages for rigorous and effective 3D measurements of landmarks and sliding semi-landmarks, providing extensive supplementary information with guiding manuals for self-teaching in these cutting-edge but complicated research methods. We review briefly most recent work on virtual GM and describe ways for representing results in form of 3D images and 3D prints (outputs). The last part is dedicated to a summary of our experience in 3D-printing using FDM technology of differently sized printers and thermoplastic materials. Finally, we discuss the above-described workflows and its potential applications in research (paleo, biomedical), teaching and museums pedagogics. Keywords - 3D analysis, 3D printing, Digital laboratory, Virtuality, Digital paleoanthropology. Introduction features can be digitised by surface scanning and during the last decade laser scanners, optical scan- Since the first studies have applied medical ners or photogrammetry have become increasingly imaging techniques (computed tomography, CT) easily available (Mikhail et al., 2001; Bruner & to the digital study of hominin fossils (e.g., Spoor Bastir, 2008; Niven et al., 2009; Sellers et al., 2009; et al., 1994; Zollikofer et al., 1995; Conroy et al., Friess, 2012; Guidi et al., 2014; Weber, 2015; Fau 1998) continuous technological advances have et al., 2016; García-Martínez, 2017). The techno- complemented available methods for digitisa- logical advances have not only made these devices tion of anatomical structures. Among radiological more and more affordable but, by producing digi- methods high resolution industrial CT scanning tal collections of fossils (Bruner & Bastir, 2008), (microCT) (Fajardo & Müller, 2001) and cone- these advances have also initiated a change in the beam CT (Maret et al., 2010) have been applied paradigm how morphological research is being increasingly to questions in physical and evolution- carried out in human palaeontology and how fos- ary anthropology and have facilitated insight into sil data can be accessed, distributed, and shared internal bone features. On the other hand, external (Weber, 2001; Berger et al., 2015). the JASs is published by the Istituto Italiano di Antropologia www.isita-org.com 108 Workflows in a Virtual Morphology Lab Fig. 1 - Typical workflow of processes in a Virtual Morphology Lab. The first step is the digitaliza- tion of anatomical objects. The scanning process (a) produces 3D virtual objects that can be stored (and shared) in digital collections. Virtual 3D models are the input source, on which 3D landmarks and semilandmarks can be measured (b). These landmarks and semilandmarks can be processed and analysed using the geometric morphometric (3D-GM) toolkit for statistical analysis of object geom- etries characterised by curves and surfaces through semilandmarks. The graphical results of the 3D-GM analysis can be 3D printed (c) and manipulated for further morphological exploration, or exhibition. (d) Alternatively, after scanning a virtual anatomical object can directly 3D-printed for manipulation. The above mentioned technological develop- Zollikofer & Ponce de León, 2005; Dedouit et ments are of particular importance for palaeo- al., 2007; Kullmer, 2008; Weber, 2015; Weber anthropology and this is based on two reasons: & Bookstein, 2017). In addition, open source on the one hand, global economic trends tend code for 3D-GM has further pushed its applica- to limit grants for basic science and make trav- tion to very different kinds of data, to personalize elling for accessing fossils difficult, particularly the analyses, and have led to a generalized under- for younger students who carry out their MSc standing of the importance considering 3D fea- or PhD research without funding (Catanzaro, tures of morphological structures (O’Higgins & 2010; Pain, 2012). On the other hand, the pro- Jones, 1998a; Slice, 2000; Klingenberg, 2011; cess of measurement has changed from quanti- Schlager, 2017). fying angles or distances to measuring complex More recently, also 3D printing has entered spatial configurations of 3D landmarks and into basic workflows of this virtual morphologi- semilandmarks for rigorous 3D morphometrics cal machinery (Fig. 1) (Zollikofer & Ponce de (Mitteroecker & Gunz, 2009). León, 2005; Jones, 2012; Bastir et al., 2019). In anthropology, these methodologi- So far 3D printing is mostly used to reproduce cal advances have become known as “Virtual previously digitised bones (Carew et al., 2019). Anthropology” (Recheis et al., 1999) and when However, 3D printing also links perfectly with extended to a more generalized morphologi- an extended workflow that includes 3D-GM. cal research (palaeontology) these have been With 3D printing, the analytical process from termed “Virtual Morphology” (Weber, 2015). 3D data acquisition, 3D data analysis and mod- The last decades have seen an explosion of stud- elling, the researcher extracts information from ies using virtual morphological methods and the real world to model this information in the have often changed the way one comprehends computer (virtual world) and then, produce morphological changes in development and evo- again real-world physical outputs for comparison lution (Recheis et al., 1999; Weber et al., 2001; with other real-world specimens (Bastir, 2018), M. Bastir et al. 109 Fig. 2 - Illustration of different steps and processes in a Virtual Morphology Lab. (a) Real cranium, (b) virtual 3D model of a cranium, (c) 3D landmarks (red) and semilandmarks of curves (green) and sur- faces (blue) on a semi-transparent virtual cranial model. (d) Procrustes registered 3D landmarks and semilandmarks of a large sample. (e) Mean shape of this sample. (f) 3D PLA-printed cranium warped to the mean shape of the sample. The colour version of this figure is available at the JASs website. for physical manipulation, comprehension and, The acquisition of digital 3D surface finally, for communication (Fig. 2). Particularly models in osteological collections in the context of communication, this technol- ogy becomes important not only for academic 3D surface scanning process but also for museum education, pedagogics and The aim of this section is to describe main activities (Canessa et al., 2013; AbouHashem et steps in 3D-surface scanning using portable al., 2015; Lim et al., 2016). equipment that can be carried easily travelling The aim of this text is to describe, from a less to osteological collections. Therefore, here we theoretic and more practical point of view, the focus on descriptions and handling suggestions main processes and to overview basic infrastruc- of our equipment of small-sized (Next Engine tural needs in order to build a Virtual Morphology HD Laser scanner) and hand-held (Artec Spider, Lab for paleoanthropological, or more generally, MHT, EVA) scanning devices. These surface morphological research and for transmission scanners are widely used in physical anthropol- of knowledge and communications in Natural ogy and palaeoanthropology and are accurate for Science museums. Importantly, while the work- obtaining high-resolution 3D models that can be flows described here are general, the infrastruc- used for 3D-GM analyses in the scope of anthro- tural details of the lab described later in this paper pology, but also for imaging based teaching in are specific to our lab and show only one of many comparative anatomy classes and workshops different ways to implementing these technologies in natural sciences museums. While here basic for morphological research and museology. and practical features will be described, other www.isita-org.com 110 Workflows in a Virtual Morphology Lab Fig. 3 - Scanning processes. (a) Typical set up for 3D surface scanning in a museum collection showing the scanner, the laptop computer, and the turntable. Note that we fixed a texture pattern sheet on the turntable to improve texture tracing during the scanning process. (b) Virtual image of two ribs and the texture pattern sheet after scanning. The black-and-white