CULTURAL RESOURCES RELEVANT CHARTER PURPOSES: • Preservation of water resources in their natural or traditional state, scenic areas or vistas, wildlife habitats, or fragile ecosystems • Preservation of land for its aesthetic or passive recreational value and its contribution to the quality of life of the community Stone shelter in Dakota Ridge. OSMPlmage The cultural resources of Boulder's open space lands contribute significantly to Boulder's sense of place and character. Drawing across multiple disciplines to understand the people and landscapes of the past, we strive to protect important places and stories of Boulder's past by locating tangible cultural resources, evaluating their importance, preserving their significant characteristics and fulfilling their best uses. THEMES THROUGH TIME With more than 14,000 years of human presence across 45,000 acres, several significant themes developed describing the most tangible cultural resources on OSMP lands. These themes are broadly applicable across cultures and time, and have been demonstrated to be significant to history in Boulder or nationally. OSMP lands preserve critical elements of Boulder and Exploration and Settlement Agriculture Colorado history. While the OSMP system represents less than 10 percent of Boulder County, it contains all or parts of about 1,000 known cultural resources Commerce and Production Industry and Extraction and uncounted scenic resources. Since 1980, 74 percent of OSMP lands has been inventoried for cultural resources. The oldest artifact found Engineering Transportation and Wayfinding on OSMP lands is a Cody Complex arrowhead left by early bison hunters, estimated to be 6,000 and 7,000 years old. Recreation and Entertainment Tradition and Religion HISTORIC LANDMARKS Hartnagle Farm Dating to 1898, the Hartnagle Farm is also a late 19th century historic farm and dairy that is significant for its architecture and association with pioneer agriculture and the growth of agriculture in Boulder County. ------- 0 H unt er- ------Ko IbFa rm - Dating to 1905, the Hunter-Kolb Farm is an early 20th-century historic farm that is significant for its architecture and association with the growth of agriculture in Boulder County. 0----------------------- CULT UR AL LANDSCAPES Chautauqua Historic District Located at the base of the iconic Flatirons overlooking the Boulder Valley, the 40-acre Colorado Chautauqua has provided a variety of programs, such as concerts, debates and recreational activities since 1898. OSMP manages land within and surrounding this tional historic landmark. Flagstaff Mountain Cultural Landscape District The Flagstaff Mountain Cultural Landscape District is a cultural landscape comprised of features related to recreation in the Boulder ountain Parks. Marshall Mesa Historic District Marshall Mesa Historic District encompasses coal mining sites east of state Highway 93 that were active from 1859 ough the 1940s. The first coal mines active in the state of Colorado were at Marshall Mesa. Initial estimates of deferred maintenance on historic structures suggest at least $962,000 is needed in repairs. This investment has been scheduled over the next ten years. Further inventory and condition assessment of cultural resources is under way to understand 0 broader investment needs to preserve and protect these important assets. Cultural History The Boulder community's relationship with the land and connections to nature have antecedents. People have lived on and enjoyed the lands now managed by OSMP for thousands of years. Their stories and pieces of the past they left behind inspire an appreciation of the diverse peoples and cultures through time and provide insights into their relationships with the land. The sights, scenes, colors and textures contained within the OSMP system shape the way people interact with natural areas, deepening the interplay among the beauty of Boulder's natural landscapes, history and cultural heritage. For OSMP, cultural resources refer to those tangible and intangible aspects of cultural systems, either living or dead and built or natural, that are valued by a culture. The most common and accessible types of cultural resources that OSMP manages are historic buildings, structures and objects as well as archaeological resources. A building is a resource created principally to shelter any form of human activity, like a house or barn. A structure is built for purposes other than creating shelter, such as a bridge or rock wall. An object is a construction that is primarily artistic in nature or small scale, like a statue or milepost. Archaeological resources refer to any material remains of human life or activities that are at least 50 years old and can provide scientific or humanistic understanding of the human past. Over the years, inventories or studies have been conducted on intangible cultural resources or traditional cultural knowledge and practices related to OSMP lands in addition to the oral histories collected through the Boulder Public Library's Maria Rogers Oral History program. As previously described in Chapter 5, Boulder is located in an ecologically and resource-rich area. It sits at the interface of the High Plains and Foothills regions and at the confluence of major creeks that drain into the South Platte River Basin. Bounded by 1.7-billion-year-old rock to the west and 70-million-year-old sandstone and mudstone to the east, Boulder contains the history of two mountain uplifts and millions of years of fossilized life preserved in stone. Many geological strata in the Boulder area contain ideal stone types for stone tools, including cherts and quartzites for creating blade tools (Black, 2000) as well as sandstone or gneiss for creating grinding stones (Pelton, 2013). The diverse plant and animal communities are also densely distributed in Boulder County compared to other locales along the Southern Rocky Mountains. As people arrived throughout various times in the past, they could access environments with plentiful and stable resources. Boulder Open Spaceand MountainParks System Overview CulturalResources People have lived and thrived on lands currently part of OSMP since arriving in the Boulder Valley after the most recent glacial period or Ice Age about 125,000 to 14,000 years ago. A rare cache of very early stone tools, the Mahaffy Cache, was unearthed within a half mile of OSMP lands. In a study jointly authored by Dr. Doug Bamforth, a University of Colorado professor of archaeology, and Dr. Robert M. Yohe II, protein residue from large game species that vanished from Colorado over 12,000 years ago has been detected (Yohe & Bamforth, 2013). People that left the stone tool cache behind traveled far to obtain the distinct materials in the cache, including tiger chert from northeast Utah and Kremmling chert from central Colorado, and invested substantial time in crafting the tools. From this time to about 8,000 years ago, people consistently relied on big-game hunting as they incorporated changing local food sources following the end of the Ice Age. The earliest cultural artifacts found on OSMP lands include a fragment of a Folsom culture projectile point that dates to about 10,000 years ago (Gleichman and Black, 2001) and a projectile point that dates to about 6,000 years ago (Benedict, 1997). The climate in Colorado had dried by 7,500 years ago, (Feiler & Anderson, 1993), causing people to seek year­ round homes at higher altitudes above and west of Boulder. The Fowler Trail, named for the family that ran the famous swimming pool in the once popular summer resort in Eldorado Springs, cuts through Dakota Sandstone cliffs of Eldorado Canyon. © Jack Sasson The Front Range and plains experienced a dramatic January 1859, the party stayed and formed the Boulder increase in human populations about 2,000 years City Town Company in February 1859. Boulder City grew ago. This period coincides with the emergence of quickly as commercial production increased to support cord-marked pottery, bow and arrow technology, and mining camps in the mountains above. By July 1860, delineation of longer-term settlement areas. Cultural more than 850 men, women, and children lived in the groups that are recognizable today were present in greater Boulder area (Lambrecht, 2008). Boulder as early as 1,000 years ago. The material Tensions rose as American settlers unlawfully occupied remains from both mountains and plains peoples are Tribal lands, escalating into increased attacks on major distinguishable in style and form. The Ute were present in the Boulder Mountain Parks area 300 to 400 years transportation routes, including the Overland, Cherokee ago and may have migrated seasonally to the area as and Smoky Hills trails. Federal agents attempted to early as 700 years ago based on linguistic evidence relocate bands of the Arapaho and Cheyenne to a small reservation along the upper Arkansas River through (Miller, 1986). The Arapaho and Cheyenne migrated the Treaty of Fort Wise in 1861. Terms of the Fort Wise from the Great Lakes region 400 to 500 years ago and Treaty went unmet, causing conflicts between American settled in eastern Wyoming and north-central Colorado settlers and Tribes (Kappler et al., 1904). Other conflicts, (Eggan, 1955) (Hilger, 1952). The Arapaho and Cheyenne such as the Dakota War of 1862, continued elsewhere lived seasonally in the Boulder area until the mid-19th in the Great Plains region, increasing tensions between century. The Arapaho and Cheyenne were assigned American settlers and Tribes. Peace efforts stalled territory south of the North Platte River, north of the between the Colorado Territorial government and Tribal Arkansas River and east of the Rocky Mountains through leaders. On Nov. 29, 1864, the First and Third Colorado Section 5 of the Horse Creek Treaty or Fort Laramie Cavalry of United States Volunteers killed an estimated Treaty of 1851 (National Park Service, 2017). 230 Arapaho and Cheyenne people, mostly women and European and American explorers and fur trappers children, at Big Sandy Creek in southeastern Colorado. began visiting the Boulder area in the early 19th century Forty-six men from Boulder County are known to have (Ferris, 1983).