Important Bird Areas in India - Maharashtra IN-MH MAHARASHTRA Kehimkar Isaac Photo: A view of the northern part of the Western Ghats in Maharashtra. aharashtra (15º 35' - 22º 02' N and 72º 36' - 80º 54' E) is the third largest state of the country with an area of 3,07,690 sq. km, constituting 9.36% of India’s total geographical area. The State is bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west, Gujarat on the M northwest, Madhya Pradesh on the north, Chhatisgarh in the northeast, Andhra Pradesh in the east and Karnataka and Goa to the south. The coastline of the State is about 720 km long. The Western Ghats (Sahyadris) run parallel to the sea coast. Physiographically, the State can be divided into five regions, which are the Deccan Plateau, the Central Highlands, the Eastern Chotanagpur Plateau, the Western Ghats and the coastal plain. Maharashtra is divided into 35 administrative districts. Nearly 60 % of the human population depends on agriculture, from which 22% of the State’s income is generated (Mathew 2003). The State has three well-defined seasons, the monsoon, winter and summer. The monsoon lasts from mid-June to the end of September, winter is from October to January, and summer is from February to May-June. The mean maximum temperature is 36.8 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 15.8 ºC. Rainfall varies according to the topography of the region. The average annual rainfall in the Western Ghats is 2,000 mm but in some areas it reaches up to 3,500 mm. Many districts like Nashik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Nandurbar, Jalgaon, Beed, Usmanabad, Parbhani, Akola, Satara, Sangli, Solapur and some parts of Kolhapur lie in the rain shadow of the Ghats and have a mean annual rainfall of about 600 mm. Maharashtra is the second most populous state of India, with about 9.42% of the country’s population. The 2001 census records that, there are 96,752,247 people living in the State of which 42.40% are in urban areas and 67.60% in rural areas. The density is 314 persons per sq. km. The literacy rate is 77.27 %. Vegetation According to the Forest Research Institute, the forest area of the State is 6.38 million ha, constituting 20.75% of its geographical area. Reserved forest constitutes 76%, protected forest 14% and unclassified forest 10%. In the Forest Research Institute 1999 report, six forest types are mentioned in Maharashtra, (1) Tropical Semi-Evergreen; (2) Tropical Moist Deciduous; (3) Tropical Dry Deciduous; (4) Tropical Thorn; (5) Subtropical Broadleaf Hill and (6) Littoral and Swamp Forests. Extensive tracts of forests are still present in the Vidarbha region and some patches in the Northern Western Ghats. Some endemic and highly endangered plants are found in the evergreen and semi-evergreen patches of the Western Ghats. 691 C691M691Y691K691 Important Bird Areas in India - Maharashtra According to the Gazetteer of India (1974) there are more than 600 Among 22 species of amphibians, the Bufo koynayensis species of fishes in Maharashtra, of which 414 are marine and 168 is a rare frog of Western Ghats. are freshwater. Nearly 3000 species of insects, 22 species of amphibians, 97 species of reptiles and 85 species of mammals are also found here. Among the mammals Myotis peshwa a highly IN-MH endemic bat is found in the Pune and Mumbai region. Recently, there have been some new additions to the list of mammals. Caracal Felis caracal have been reported in the Melghat Tiger Reserve (Kishore Rithe pers. comm. 2003). The Indian Elephants Elephus maximus have moved to Sawantwadi and adjoining areas in the Sindhudurg district. IBAS AND PROTECTED AREAS Giri There are five national parks and 33 wildlife sanctuaries in the State, covering 4.68% of the State (Rodger et al. 2000). There are two Varad tiger reserves, namely Melghat Tiger Reserve and Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve. Sanjay Gandhi, Gugamal, Nawegaon, Pench, and Photo: Tadoba are the five national parks. A total of 20 sites have been identified as IBAs, in which seven are wildlife sanctuaries; four are national parks, and nine non-protected areas. The total area of the IBAs in the State is 12,86,581 ha. Number of IBAs and IBA criteria A1= Threatened species; A2 = Restricted Range species; A3= Biome species; A4=Congregatory species IBAs of Maharashtra IBA site codes IBA site names IBA criteria IN-MH-01 Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary A1, A2, A3 IN-MH-02 Burnt Island (Bandra) Vengurla Rocks A4iii IN-MH-03 Gangapur Dam And Grasslands A1, A4i, A4iii IN-MH-04 INS-Shivaji and Lonavala A1, A2, A3 IN-MH-05 Jaikwadi Wildlife Sanctuary A1, A4i, A4iii, A4iv IN-MH-06 Jawaharlal Nehru Bustard Sanctuary A1 IN-MH-07 Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary A1, A3 IN-MH-08 Mahul-Sewree Creek A1, A4i, A4iii IN-MH-09 Melghat Wildlife Sanctuary and Gugmal National Park A1, A2, A3 IN-MH-10 Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary A1 IN-MH-11 Nandur Madhmeshwar Wildlife Sanctuary A1, A4i, A4ii, A4iii IN-MH-12 Nawegaon National Park A1, A3 IN-MH-13 Ozar And Adjoining Grassland A1 IN-MH-14 Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary A1, A2, A3 IN-MH-15 Sanjay Gandhi National Park A1, A2, A3 IN-MH-16 Tadoba National Park and Andhari Tiger Reserve A1, A3 IN-MH-17 Taloda Reserve Forest A1, A2 IN-MH-18 Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary A1, A3 IN-MH-19 Thane Creek A1, A4i, A4iii IN-MH-20 Toranmal Reserve Forest A1, A2 692 C692M692Y692K692 Important Bird Areas in India - Maharashtra IN-MH 693 C693M693Y693K693 Important Bird Areas in India - Maharashtra AVIFAUNA Abdulali (1981) listed 540 species of birds from Maharashtra. Recently, a few more birds have been added to the list, such as the Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana near Nashik (Raha and Gudsoorkar 2002), Nilgiri Pipit Anthus nilghiriensis, White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Cyornis pallipes (K. B. Singh pers. comm. 2003) and Broad-tailed Grass-Warbler Schoenicola platyura (B. Raha pers. comm. 2002). The Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus and Malabar Torgon Harpactes fasciatus were also observed in the IN-MH Western Ghats of Maharashtra (P. Gole pers. comm. 2002; G. Jathar pers. comm. 2003). Prasad (2003) has listed about 450 bird species from Western Maharashtra. List of threatened birds with IBA site codes Critically Endangered Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis IN-MH-01, 03, 05, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20 Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus IN-MH-01, 03, 04, 07, 08, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 Forest Owlet Heteroglaux blewitti IN-MH-09, 17, 20 Endangered Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps IN-MH-06, 13 Lesser Florican Sypheotides indica IN-MH-03, 06, 13 Spotted Greenshank Tringa guttifer IN-MH-08 Vulnerable Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus IN-MH-10, 12, 15, 16 Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus IN-MH-03 Pallas’s Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus IN-MH-15, 18 Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga IN-MH-01, 08, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca IN-MH-03, 08, 11, 12 Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni IN-MH-01, 03, 05, 09, 12, 20 Sarus Crane Grus antigone IN-MH-12, 16 Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis IN-MH-15 Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii IN-MH-01, 04, 07, 14, 15 Purple Wood-Pigeon Columba punicea IN-MH-10 Broad-tailed Grass-Warbler Schoenicola platyura IN-MH-04 Green Munia Amandava formosa IN-MH-09, 10, 12, 16, 20 Near Threatened Darter Anhinga melanogaster IN-MH-05 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala IN-MH-05 Oriental White Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus IN-MH-05 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor IN-MH-05, 08, 19 Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca IN-MH-05 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus IN-MH-01, 05 Restricted Range species and Endemic species Parts of the Western Ghats in Maharashtra lie in the Endemic Bird Area (EBA123). Of the 16 restricted range species found in the Western Ghats, eight species have been recorded from Maharasthra till now: Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii, Blue–winged Parakeet Psittacula columboides, Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus, Indian Rufous Babbler Turdoides subrufus, White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Cyornis pallipes, Nilgiri Pipit Anthus nilghiriensis, Broad-tailed Grass-Warbler or Grassbird Schoenicola platyura and Small Sunbird Nectarinia minima. These restricted range species are found mainly in the Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary, Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, INS-Shivaji and Lonavala and Sanjay Gandhi National Park. Maharashtra also has one Secondary Area (s075: Central Indian Forests) due to the presence of the Forest Owlet. Secondary Area s075: Central Indian Forests Forest Owlet Heteroglaux blewitti IN-MH-09, 17, 20 694 C694M694Y694K694 Important Bird Areas in India - Maharashtra IN-MH Endemic Bird Area 123: Western Ghats Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii IN-MH-01, 04, 15 Blue-winged Parakeet Psittacula columboides IN-MH-01, 04 Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus IN-MH-01, 04, 07, 14 Nilgiri Pipit Anthus nilghiriensis IN-MH-04 Indian Rufous Babbler Turdoides subrufus IN-MH-04, 09 Broad-tailed Grass-Warbler Schoenicola platyura IN-MH-04 White-bellied Blue-Flycatcher Cyornis pallipes IN-MH-01, 14 Small Sunbird Nectarinia minima IN-MH-01, 04, 07,14 Biome Two biomes are found in Maharashtra, the Indian Peninsula Tropical Moist Forest (Biome-10) in the Western Ghat region, and Indo- Malayan Tropical Dry Zone (Biome-11) in the remainder of the State. Biome 10 represents the Western Ghats and covers parts of Kolhapur, Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Raigad, Thane, Pune, Satara and Sangali districts. Of the 15 species found in Biome-10 (BirdLife International undated), 11 species have been recorded in Maharashtra. The major habitat types in these biomes are Evergreen, Semi- evergreen and Moist Deciduous.