Faculty of Humanities Version September 2014 PLAGIARISM RULES AWARENESS STATEMENT Fraud and Plagiarism Scientific integrity is the foundation of academic life. Utrecht University considers any form of scientific deception to be an extremely serious infraction. Utrecht University therefore expects every student to be aware of, and to abide by, the norms and values regarding scientific integrity. The most important forms of deception that affect this integrity are fraud and plagiarism. Plagiarism is the copying of another person’s work without proper acknowledgement, and it is a form of fraud. The following is a detailed explanation of what is considered to be fraud and plagiarism, with a few concrete examples. Please note that this is not a comprehensive list! If fraud or plagiarism is detected, the study programme's Examination Committee may decide to impose sanctions. The most serious sanction that the committee can impose is to submit a request to the Executive Board of the University to expel the student from the study programme. Plagiarism Plagiarism is the copying of another person’s documents, ideas or lines of thought and presenting it as one’s own work. You must always accurately indicate from whom you obtained ideas and insights, and you must constantly be aware of the difference between citing, paraphrasing and plagiarising. Students and staff must be very careful in citing sources; this concerns not only printed sources, but also information obtained from the Internet. The following issues will always be considered to be plagiarism: • cutting and pasting text from digital sources, such as an encyclopaedia or digital periodicals, without quotation marks and footnotes; • cutting and pasting text from the Internet without quotation marks and footnotes; • copying printed materials, such as books, magazines or encyclopaedias, without quotation marks or footnotes; • including a translation of one of the sources named above without quotation marks or footnotes; • paraphrasing (parts of) the texts listed above without proper references: paraphrasing must be marked as such, by expressly mentioning the original author in the text or in a footnote, so that you do not give the impression that it is your own idea; • copying sound, video or test materials from others without references, and presenting it as one’s own work; • submitting work done previously by the student without reference to the original paper, and presenting it as original work done in the context of the course, without the express permission of the course lecturer; • copying the work of another student and presenting it as one’s own work. If this is done with the consent of the other student, then he or she is also complicit in the plagiarism; • when one of the authors of a group paper commits plagiarism, then the other co-authors are also complicit in plagiarism if they could or should have known that the person was committing plagiarism; • submitting papers acquired from a commercial institution, such as an Internet site with summaries or papers, that were written by another person, whether or not that other person received payment for the work. The rules for plagiarism also apply to rough drafts of papers or (parts of) theses sent to a lecturer for feedback, to the extent that submitting rough drafts for feedback is mentioned in the course handbook or the thesis regulations. The Education and Examination Regulations (Article 5.15) describe the formal procedure in case of suspicion of fraud and/or plagiarism, and the sanctions that can be imposed. Ignorance of these rules is not an excuse. Each individual is responsible for their own behaviour. Utrecht University assumes that each student or staff member knows what fraud and plagiarism entail. For its part, Utrecht University 2 of 124 works to ensure that students are informed of the principles of scientific practice, which are taught as early as possible in the curriculum, and that students are informed of the institution’s criteria for fraud and plagiarism, so that every student knows which norms they must abide by. I hereby declare that I have read and understood the above. Name: Amanda DOCHY Student number: 6190537 Date and signature: 26 July 2018 X Submit this form to your supervisor when you begin writing your Bachelor’s final paper or your Master’s thesis. Failure to submit or sign this form does not mean that no sanctions can be imposed if it appears that plagiarism has been committed in the paper. 3 of 124 Speaking “Transgressive Truth”: Assessing the political extremism of Donald Trump’s campaign discourse during the 2015/2016 US Presidential Pre-primaries and Primaries Amanda Dochy 6190537 UTRECHT UNIVERSITY 26 JULY 2018 A thesis submitted to The Board of Examiners In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Arts in Conflict Studies and Human Rights. 4 of 124 Thesis Supervisor: Chris VAN DER BORGH. Date of Submission: 26 July 2018. Trajectory: Research Project (15 ECT) and Thesis Writing (15 ECT). Word Count: 26,976. 5 of 124 “In America, ballots are bayonets.” - Francis E. Willard1 1 A major figure in early twentieth century alcohol prohibition campaigning, Willard was also an early feminist and progressive issue campaigner. Lars Beckerman, “Burns’ Prohibition yet another triumph of american storytelling”, Lars Beckermann, 4 October 2011, https://larsbeckerman.wordpress.com/2011/10/04/burns-prohibition-yet-another-triumph-of-american- storytelling/ . 6 of 124 Acknowledgments Researching and writing this has been a long and occasionally arduous journey. I would like firstly to thank my supervisor, Chris Van Der Borgh for his insight, suggestions and our conversations on the subject matter. I would then like to thank my family and friends for their love, support, and critique - and Tree, for his support and our many long discussions trying to decipher what exactly was happening to politics in our ‘day and age’. I would also like to thank all those who are doing research on the various issues evoked in this paper. Clear, precise critique is an antidote to an age attached to extreme language and projections of future uncertainty. 7 of 124 Table of Contents Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………………………………………....….…... 6 Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……..….. 7 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………....................................................8 Chapter 1. Prologue…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………...……… 9 1.1. Trump: an alt-right candidate?................................................................................ 9 1.2. How to assess this question ………………………………………………………………………...... 11 Chapter 2. Party Politics, ‘anti-establishment’ conservatism, and the alt-right....….1 4 2.1. Early Presidential Elections Campaigning and literature on Election Communication ………………………………………..…………………………………..…………………………1 4 2.2. The Campaign Speech ………………………………………………….………………………….……. 15 2.3. Anti-establishment conservatism, the alt-right, and ‘Discourses of Transgression’..........................................................................................1 8 Chapter 3. Analytical Frame and Research Methods…………………………………………..………..2 7 3.1. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Theoretical debates ………..…...….... 27 3.2. “Discourses of Transgression” ……………………………………..……………………….....…. 32 3.3. CDA methods & information on analytical material ……………….……...…...…3 5 Chapter 4. Analyses………………………..………………………………………………………………………….………....3 6 4.1. Competitivity: Success and Failure as conceptual space of campaign message………………………………………………………………………………………..................... …......…. 37 4.1.1. Frame of Diagnosis… ………………………………………..……………………….…... 38 4.1.2. Frame of Prognosis… …………………………………..……………………………......5 9 4.1.3. Frame of Motivation… ……………………………………..…………………………....7 0 4.2. Conclusion… ……………………………………..……………………………………………;....................7 8 Chapter 5. Discussion: H ow do Trump’s discourses and their frames compare to “transgressive discourses”?… ……...………………….………………………………………………...………....8 1 Chapter 6. Concluding Statements…………………………………………….……………………………...……. 85 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..……..8 8 Primary sources for Rally Speeches………....……………………………………………….………………....... 98 Annexe I………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………....………..1 02 Annexe II……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….………......1 03 Annexe III…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………...1 09 Annexe IV………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….....1 22 8 of 124 Abstract. Donald Trump’s use of language during the 2015-2016 US Presidential Elections sparked outpourings of commentary and analyses from media and academia alike, with many making correlations between Trump and a new radical anti-establishment, or ‘alt-right’, politics. Considering his uses of language during this period as p olitical discourse , this study assesses whether Trump integrated this transgressive political ideology into his campaign rally speeches, from June 2015 to July 2016 during the US Presidential pre-primaries and primaries elections. Through critically analysing a corpus of speeches from these periods, this study contends that Trump used ‘modular’ speeches premised upon an ideological foundation of competition, success, and failure. The modules of these speeches depend upon correlated and amalgamated reasoning and image association to argue for the necessity of Trump’s own candidacy as a ‘remedy’ to a ‘failed country’. His language tapped into existing discriminatory