The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Editors-in-Chief:O.Hutzinger·D.Barceló·A.Kostianoy Volume 5 Water Pollution Part T Advisory Board: D.Barceló·P.Fabian·H.Fiedler·H.Frank·J.P.Giesy·R.A.Hites M. A. K. Khalil · D. Mackay · A. H. Neilson · J. Paasivirta · H. Parlar S. H. Safe · P.J. Wangersky The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Recently Published and Forthcoming Volumes Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment in the Great Lakes VolumeEditor:A.Boxall Volume Editor: R. A. Hites Vol. 2/P, 2009 Vol. 5/N, 2006 Contaminated Sediments Antifouling Paint Biocides Volume Editors: T. A. Kassim and D. Barceló VolumeEditor:I.Konstantinou Vol. 5/T, 2009 Vol. 5/O, 2006 Environmental Specimen Banking Estuaries Volume Editors: S. A. Wise and P.P.R. Becker VolumeEditor:P.J.Wangersky Vol. 3/S, 2009 Vol. 5/H, 2006 Polymers: Chances and Risks The Caspian Sea Environment Volume Editors: P. Eyerer, M. Weller Volume Editors: A. Kostianoy and A. Kosarev and C. Hübner Vol. 5/P, 2005 Vol. 3/V, 2009 Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, The Black Sea Environment Isotopes and DNA Volume Editors: A. Kostianoy and A. Kosarev Volume Editor: J. K. Volkman Vol. 5/Q, 2008 Vol. 2/N, 2005 Emerging Contaminants from Industrial and Environmental Photochemistry Part II Municipal Waste Volume Editors: P. Boule, D. Bahnemann Removal Technologies and P. Robertson Volume Editors: D. Barceló and M. Petrovic Vol. 2/M, 2005 Vol. 5/S/2, 2008 Air Quality in Airplane Cabins Emerging Contaminants from Industrial and and Similar Enclosed Spaces Municipal Waste VolumeEditor:M.B.Hocking Occurrence, Analysis and Effects Vol. 4/H, 2005 Volume Editors: D. Barceló and M. Petrovic Vol. 5/S/1, 2008 Environmental Effects of Marine Finfish Aquaculture Fuel Oxygenates VolumeEditor:B.T.Hargrave Volume Editor: D. Barceló Vol. 5/M, 2005 Vol. 5/R, 2007 The Mediterranean Sea The Rhine Volume Editor: A. Saliot Volume Editor: T.P. Knepper Vol. 5/K, 2005 Vol. 5/L, 2006 Contaminated Sediments Volume Editors: Tarek A. Kassim · Damià Barceló With contributions by R.M.M.Abed·D.Barceló·R.M.Burgess·J.CairnsJr. W.J. Catallo · J.L. Comeaux · E. Eljarrat · K.T. Ho T.Junk·C.Kiehl-Simpson·A.Marquette·D.Reible 1 3 Environmental chemistry is a rather young and interdisciplinary field of science. Its aim is a complete description of the environment and of transformations occurring on a local or global scale. Environ- mental chemistry also gives an account of the impact of man’s activities on the natural environment by describing observed changes. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry provides the compilation of today’s knowledge. Contribu- tions are written by leading experts with practical experience in their fields. The Handbook will grow with the increase in our scientific understanding and should provide a valuable source not only for scientists, but also for environmental managers and decision-makers. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry is published in a series of five volumes: Volume 1: The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles Volume 2: Reactions and Processes Volume 3: Anthropogenic Compounds Volume 4: Air Pollution Volume 5: Water Pollution The series Volume 1 The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles describes the natural environment and gives an account of the global cycles for elements and classes of natural compounds. The series Volume 2 Reactions and Processes is an account of physical transport, and chemical and biological transformations of chemicals in the environment. The series Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds describes synthetic compounds, and compound classes as well as elements and naturally occurring chemical entities which are mobilized by man’s activities. The series Volume 4 Air Pollution and Volume 5 Water Pollution deal with the description of civilization’s effects on the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Within the individual series articles do not appear in a predetermined sequence. Instead, we invite contributors as our knowledge matures enough to warrant a handbook article. Suggestions for new topics from the scientific community to members of the Advisory Board or to the Publisher are very welcome. ISBN 978-3-540-88013-4 e-ISBN 978-3-540-88014-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-88014-1 The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ISSN 1433-6863 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008939867 c 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Typesetting and Production: le-tex publishing services oHG, Leipzig Printed on acid-free paper 9876543210 springer.com Editors-in-Chief Prof. em. Dr. Otto Hutzinger Prof. Andrey Kostianoy Universität Bayreuth P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology c/o Bad Ischl Office Russian Academy of Sciences Grenzweg 22 36, Nakhimovsky Pr. 5351 Aigen-Vogelhub, Austria 117997 Moscow, Russia [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Dr. Damià Barceló Dept. of Environmental Chemistry IIQAB – CSIC Jordi Girona, 18–26 08034 Barcelona, Spain [email protected] Volume Editors Ph. D. Tarek A. Kassim Prof. Dr. Damià Barceló Oregon State University Dept. of Environmental Chemistry Dept.Civil,ConstructionAND IIQAB – CSIC Environmental Engineering Jordi Girona, 18–26 202 Apperson Hall 08034 Barcelona, Spain Corvallis, OR 97331, USA [email protected] [email protected] Advisory Board Prof. Dr. D. Barceló Prof. Dr. H. Frank Dept. of Environmental Chemistry Lehrstuhl für Umwelttechnik IIQAB – CSIC und Ökotoxikologie Jordi Girona, 18–26 Universität Bayreuth 08034 Barcelona, Spain Postfach 10 12 51 [email protected] 95440 Bayreuth, Germany Prof. Dr. P. Fabian Prof. Dr. J. P. Giesy Lehrstuhl für Bioklimatologie Department of Zoology und Immissionsforschung Michigan State University der Universität München East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, USA Hohenbachernstraße 22 [email protected] 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Prof. Dr. R. A. Hites Dr.H.Fiedler Indiana University Scientific Affairs Office School of Public UNEP Chemicals and Environmental Affairs 11–13, chemin des Anémones Bloomington, IN 47405, USA 1219 Châteleine (GE), Switzerland [email protected] hfi[email protected] VI Prof. Dr. M. A. K. Khalil Prof.Dr.Dr.H.Parlar Department of Physics Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie Portland State University und Analytische Chemie Science Building II, Room 410 Technische Universität München P.O. Box 751 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA [email protected] Prof. Dr. S. H. Safe Department of Veterinary Prof. Dr. D. Mackay Physiology and Pharmacology Department of Chemical Engineering College of Veterinary Medicine and Applied Chemistry Texas A & M Universit y University of Toronto College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada [email protected] Prof. Dr. A. H. Neilson Prof.P.J.Wangersky Swedish Environmental Research Institute University of Victoria P.O. Box 21060 Centre for Earth and Ocean Research 10031 Stockholm, Sweden P.O. Box 1700 [email protected] Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada wangers@telus. net Prof. Dr. J. Paasivirta Department of Chemistry University of Jyväskylä Survontie 9 P.O. Box 3 5 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically For all customers who have a standing order to The Handbook of Environmen- talChemistry,weoffertheelectronicversionviaSpringerLinkfreeofcharge. Please contact your librarian who can receive a password or free access to the full articles by registering at: springerlink.com If you do not have a subscription, you can still view the tables of contents of the volumes and the abstract of each article by going to the SpringerLink Home- page, clicking on “Browse by Online Libraries”, then “Chemical Sciences”, and finally choose The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. You will find information about the – Editorial Board –AimsandScope – Instructions for Authors –SampleContribution at springer.com using the search function. Color figures are published in full color within the electronic version on SpringerLink. Preface Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environmental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical