ONCE AND FUTURE ANTIQUITIES IN SCIENCE FICTION AND FANTASY i Bloomsbury Studies in Classical Reception Bloomsbury Studies in Classical Reception presents scholarly monographs off ering new and innovative research and debate to students and scholars in the reception of Classical Studies. Each volume will explore the appropriation, reconceptualization and recontextualization of various aspects of the Graeco-Roman world and its culture, looking at the impact of the ancient world on modernity. Research will also cover reception within antiquity, the theory and practice of translation, and reception theory. Also available in the series: ANCIENT MAGIC AND THE SUPERNATURAL IN THE MODERN VISUAL AND PERFORMING ARTS edited by Filippo Carl à and Irene Berti ANCIENT GREEK MYTH IN WORLD FICTION SINCE 1989 edited by Justine McConnell and Edith Hall CLASSICS IN EXTREMIS by Edmund Richardson FRANKENSTEIN AND ITS CLASSICS edited by Jesse Weiner, Benjamin Eldon Stevens and Brett M. Rogers GREEK AND ROMAN CLASSICS IN THE BRITISH STRUGGLE FOR SOCIAL REFORM edited by Henry Stead and Edith Hall HOMER ’S ILIAD AND THE TROJAN WAR : DIALOGUES ON TRADITION Jan Haywood and Nao í se Mac Sweeney IMAGINING XERXES Emma Bridges JULIUS CAESAR ’S SELF - CREATED IMAGE AND ITS DRAMATIC AFTERLIFE Miryana Dimitrova OVID ’S MYTH OF PYGMALION ON SCREEN Paula James THE CODEX FORI MUSSOLINI Han Lamers and Bettina Reitz-Joosse THE GENTLE , JEALOUS GOD Simon Perris VICTORIAN CLASSICAL BURLESQUES Laura Monr ó s-Gaspar VICTORIAN EPIC BURLESQUES Rachel Bryant Davies ii ONCE AND FUTURE ANTIQUITIES IN SCIENCE FICTION AND FANTASY Edited by Brett M. Rogers and Benjamin Eldon Stevens iii BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC 1B 3 DP , UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA BLOOMSBURY , BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2019 Copyright © Brett M. Rogers, Benjamin Eldon Stevens & Contributors, 2019 Brett M. Rogers and Benjamin Eldon Stevens have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identifi ed as Editors of this work. Cover image: Cadmus drawing his sword rushes at the monstrous dragon, Edmund Dulac illustration from Tanglewood Tales , AF Fotografi e/Alamy Stock Photo All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third- party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Rogers, Brett M., editor. | Stevens, Benjamin Eldon, editor. Title: Once and future antiquities in science fi ction and fantasy / edited by Brett M. Rogers and Benjamin Eldon Stevens. Other titles: Bloomsbury studies in classical reception. Description: London : Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. | Series: Bloomsbury studies in classical reception. Identifi ers: LCCN 2018040890| ISBN 9781350074880 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781350068940 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Science fi ction—Classical infl uences. | Classical literature—Infl uence. Classifi cation: LCC PN3433.6 .O53 2019 | DDC 809.3/8762—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018040890 ISBN : HB : 978-1-3500-6894-0 PB : 978-1-3500-7488-0 e PDF : 978-1-3500-6895-7 eBook: 978-1-3500-6896-4 Series: Bloomsbury Studies in Classical Reception Typeset by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk To fi nd out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters . iv CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Notes on Contributors ix Preface xi Introduction: Displacing Antiquities in Science Fiction and Fantasy Brett M. Rogers and Benjamin Eldon Stevens 1 PART I: DISPLACING POINTS OF ORIGIN 1 More ‘T’ Vicar? Revisiting Models and Methodologies for Classical Receptions in Science Fiction Tony Keen 9 2 Saxa loquuntur ? Archaeological Fantasies in Wilhelm Jensen’s Gradiva Jesse Weiner 18 3 Time Travel and Self-Refl exivity in Receptions of Homer’s Iliad Claire Kenward 32 4 Monuments and Tradition in Jack McDevitt’s Th e Engines of God Laura Zientek 48 PART II: DISPLACED IN SPACE 5 Lyra’s Odyssey in Philip Pullman’s His Dark Materials Trilogy Ortwin Knorr 63 6 Displacing Nostos and the Ancient Greek Hero in Hayao Miyazaki’s Spirited Away Suzanne Lye 76 7 “Th e Nearest Technically Impossible Th ing”: Classical Receptions in Helen Oyeyemi Benjamin Eldon Stevens 90 PART III: DISPLACED IN TIME 8 Dynamic Tensions: Th e Figure(s) of Atlas in Th e Rocky Horror Picture Show Stephen B. Moses and Brett M. Rogers 107 9 Drinking Blood and Talking Ghosts in Diana Wynne Jones’s Th e Time of the Ghost Frances Foster 123 10 Finding Cassandra in Science Fiction: Th e Seer of Agamemnon and the Time-Travelling Protector of Continuum Jennifer C. Ranck 135 v Contents PART IV: DISPLACING GENRE 11 Classical Reception and the Half-Elf Cleric C. W. Marshall 149 12 Th e Gods Problem in Gene Wolfe’s Soldier of the Mist Vincent Tomasso 172 13 Th e Divine Emperor in Virgil’s Aeneid and the Warhammer 40K Universe Alex McAuley 183 PART V: EPILOGUE: FINDING A PLACE IN DISPLACEMENT 14 Just Your Average Tuesday-Morning Minotaur Catherynne M. Valente 199 Works Cited 204 Index 229 vi I L L U S T R A T I O N S Figures 1.1 Th e relationship of the schemas of Marshall and Keen. Chart by Brett M. Rogers (June 2017). 12 2.1 Bas- relief known as “Gradiva”. Hadrianic period, second century ce . Museo Chiramonti. Photo Credit Alinari/Art Resource, NY . © 2018 Artists Rights Society ( ARS ), New York/ ADAGP , Paris. 20 2.2 Masson, Andr é . “Gradiva” (1939). Mus é e National d’Art Moderne. © CNAC / MNAM /Dist. RNM -Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY . © 2018 Artists Rights Society ( ARS ), New York/ ADAGP , Paris. 21 3.1 A depiction of the gods from Classics Illustrated No.77: Homer’s Iliad (12.6). Used with permission. 39 3.2 A depiction of the gods from Th or Annual #8: Th under Over Troy (16.5–6). Roy Th omas ( w. ), John Buscema (a.), and Tony DeZu ñ iga (i.). Copyright: Marvel Comics. 39 3.3 Loki and the Trojan horse. From Th or Annual #8: Th under Over Troy (46). Roy Th omas ( w. ), John Buscema (a.), and Tony DeZu ñ iga (i.). Copyright: Marvel Comics. 43 6.1 Chihiro’s parents turn into pigs, like Odysseus’s men in the Circe episode ( Odyssey book 10). From Spirited Away (dir. Miyazaki, 2001). Studio Ghibli. 77 8.1 Athena, Herakles, and Atlas with the Golden Apples of the Hesperides. Marble Relief (fi ft h century bce ) from the Temple of Olympian Zeus. Archaeological Museum of Olympia. Photo credit: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY . 110 8.2 Frank-N-Furter (Tim Curry) and his creation Rocky (Peter Hinwood), who evokes the fi gure of the muscleman and Charles Atlas. From Th e Rocky Horror Picture Show (dir. Sharman, 1975 ). 20th Century Fox. Getty Images. 117 8.3 A copy of the ancient Diskobolos stands above Frank-N-Furter (Tim Curry) in his laboratory. From Th e Rocky Horror Picture Show (dir. Sharman, 1975 ). 20th Century Fox. Getty Images. 118 8.4 A stained- glass image of mythic Atlas looms before Rocky (Peter Hinwood), who is chained to Frank-N-Furter’s bed. At right Riff Raff (Richard O’Brien) grabs a candelabrum to threaten Rocky with fi re. From Th e Rocky Horror Picture Show (dir. Sharman, 1975 ). 20th Century Fox. 119 vii Illustrations 9.1 Odysseus speaks to the shade of the recently deceased Elpenor. Attic red- fi gure pelike by the Lykaon Painter, c. 440 bce . Photograph © 2018 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 131 11.1 Th e Minotaur from Keep on the Borderlands , Gygax ( 1981 : 20). Art by Bill Willingham. © Wizards of the Coast LLC . 150 11.2 Th e Leucrotta, AD&D , Gygax ( 1977 : 60). Art by D. A. Trampier. © Wizards of the Coast LLC. 156 11.3 Diagram from “Th e Blood of Medusa”, Parkinson ( 1982 : 13). Art by David Larson. © Wizards of the Coast LLC . 159 11.4 “Who’s Who in Medusa’s Family”, Parkinson ( 1982 : 12). © Wizards of the Coast LLC . 160 11.5 Medusa, v. 3.5, Baker and Williams ( 2003 : 181). Art by Todd Lockwood and David Martin. © Wizards of the Coast LLC . 161 11.6 Medusa, OD&D , Gygax and Arneson ( 1974 : 28). Art by Keenan Powell. © Wizards of the Coast LLC . 163 11.7 Th e Lamia in Edward Topsell, Historie of Foure Footed Beasts (1607). Public domain. 164 11.8 Prometheus in Deities and Demigods , Ward and Kuntz ( 1980 : 74). Art by Jim Roslof. © Wizards of the Coast LLC . 166 Tables 11.1 D&D Monster Manuals consulted in Chapter 11. 153 11.2 Classical monsters in principal D&D bestiaries, 1974–2014. 155 viii CONTRIBUTORS Frances Foster is Senior Teaching Associate in Classics Education at the Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge. In addition to her research on Servius, she has published on classical reception in children’s and YA fantasy. She has particular interests in the presentation of ancient hero culture for young audiences and in the recurrence of the themes surrounding the land and shades of the dead.