oi.uchicago.edu GIZA PLATEAU MAPPING PROJECT GIZA PLATEAU MAPPING PROJECT Mark Lehner The Giza Plateau Mapping Project’s fieldwork this year (8 January–31 May 2002) was the third and final season of our Millennium Project, a program of intensive clearing, mapping, and survey of ancient settlement remains at the foot of the Giza Pyramids Plateau (fig. 1). We first began working here in 1988 with a view toward studying the social and economic infrastructure of pyramid building. During our short and intermittent field seasons up to 1999 we had uncovered settlement remains in our concession, which is on the low desert about 400 meters south of the Sphinx. But our scattered 5 ≈ 5 meter squares gave no sense of the size and extent of the settlement, nor its structure and function. It was not until Ann Lurie challenged and inspired us in 1998 to carry out a massive, marathon excavation that we discovered a vast complex, unlike anything seen in Old Kingdom Egypt. With Ann’s encouragement and support, along with the steadfast generosity of David H. Koch, Peter Norton, and many other benefactors, we have been able to carry out twenty-one months of excavation over the last two-and-a-half years. As of last year, our Millennium Project had uncovered about 5 hectares of settlement that we now know was part of an enormous Fourth Dynasty royal complex (the full extent of which we do not yet know). Through clearing the very thick layer of sand and modern dumping over the site and carefully scraping down to walls, we had recovered the ground plan of a great system of long galleries, in four sets, separated by two streets, and bounded on two sides by thick mudbrick walls. We had evidence of the many elements of a city — craft workshops, kitchen areas, houses, storage facilities — but did not yet know how they all fit together. In fact, we had contradictory findings: vast amounts of open space and very few formal housing units, but enormous quantities of animal bone, ash, and pottery. Our work this last season has brought much of this together and resolved many lingering questions. We did not dramatically expand the total area of the site since our clearance at the end of 2001, but we intensively excavated 1,702.90 square meters, more than 30% of total excavated area from all previous seasons combined (1988–2002). With the complete excava - tion of a gallery we now have a working hypothesis as to how these odd structures were used, namely as dormitories or barracks for temporary workers. On the south side we continued excavations in the Buttress Building that began to emerge last season. With this year’s work we now know it was a royal structure for storage and administration. We also removed vast mountains of overburden from our previous season dumps in a couple critical areas of the site resulting in important findings. After clearing away the east end of the Wall of the Crow, we finally resolved the issue of how the massive stone wall was related to our royal complex. Our excavations at the wall’s eastern end confirmed that it was built after Gallery Set I and purposely butted up against it. We also discovered that this gallery was built upon the ruins of an earlier phase of the complex. Elsewhere we found evidence of a later phase that followed the construction of the Gallery Complex. The Enclosure Wall that runs around the western and southern sides of the site was erected after the Wall of the Crow, which it abuts. The Royal Administrative Building dates from this later phase. After removing overburden from the eastern side of our site we discovered a new area, a town, which looked like a typical ancient Near Eastern village that probably housed permanent workers. (See previous Annual Reports for information on earlier field seasons and methods.) 2001–2002 ANNUAL REPORT 49 oi.uchicago.edu RESEARCH Figure 1. Map of the site as of June 2002. Giza, Egypt Gallery III-4 The enormous galleries that we identified in our first season of the Millennium Project re - mained enigmatic with their large open areas until Ashraf Abd al-Aziz intensively excavated one this season (figs. 2–3). Gallery III-4 (galleries are numbered 1-n, from west to east) con- sists of a large open area 21.50 meters long, occupying about three-quarters of the structure, and at the back, a house, about 10 meters long, with ten rooms. The north end of the gallery opened onto Main Street through a small foyer with a doorway that turned on a stone pivot socket. The only other access was at the opposite end through doors in the house opening into the adjoining galleries on the east and south. Perhaps this was a means of controlling the movement of people. The front portion of the gallery was probably covered by a canopy or colonnade supported by columns that stood on a low wall or bench (or stylobate), positioned down the length of the gallery for 16.50 meters, dividing it approximately in half. Aside from the low wall, this long front portion of the gallery was nearly featureless except for four curious “ramps” that might have been platforms for sleeping. The ramps slope from a curb about 9 centimeters high that runs along the base of the gallery walls down to floor level, giving them a low grade. Slightly 50 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE oi.uchicago.edu GIZA PLATEAU MAPPING PROJECT less than 2 meters long, the ramps vary from 110 to 96 centimeters wide at the high end, tapering slightly at the opposite end. Two ramps lie against the east wall, sloping down toward the center. Another is lo- cated nearly opposite one of them and butts against the other side of the stylobate. One ramp is built against the partition wall that separates the colonnade from the back “house” part of the gallery. Another is located in the front corner of the gallery next to the foyer, separated from it by a partition. The last of the six ramps is in the house. It is possible, as Ashraf Abd al-Aziz suggested, that these “ramps” were intended for sleeping, that they were bed platforms (fig. 4). The remaining open space in the front portion of the gallery could have served as sleeping quarters as well, with bodies stretched out on the floor shoulder to shoulder perpendicular to the walls. To determine the gallery’s capacity, our workmen and crew lay down on the dirt floor side by side. Ashraf counted forty people but estimated that up to fifty could have been accommodated (fig. 5). The colonnade was probably the only amenity, providing shade by day and protection from occasional storms at night. The raised platforms might have been for older or higher rank- ing workers; height is often used to denote relative status. The house at the back end of the gallery might have been the quarters of a foreman who oversaw the workers housed in the dormitory in the front. With its complex of little rooms, the house probably saw several phases of construction: our excavations of parts of other galleries re- vealed evidence of floors laid upon floors and renovations of walls and doorways. The entrance was at the east end of a corridor behind the screen wall adjacent to one of the sleeping platforms. But a second “front door” was cut through the west side of the house later. At the south end of the earlier “front room” there is a larger version of a bed platform. From the top of the ramp an irregular mud daub stairway leads up to Figure 2. Detail map of the back room, which is higher, following the gradual rise in the entire Gallery III-4. Surrounding gallery’s floor level from north to south. The walls of the back chamber architecture is shown grayed out are reddened by fire, indicating burning, cook- ing, baking, or roasting. In the center of the house, three small chambers also show much evidence of burning. In addition, ash was scattered over the floor throughout the house and in the long front colonnade as well. It is possible that a fire burned roof- ing materials which ended up as ash on the floors, but there were several Figure 3. Gallery III-4 after excavation of its final phase of use, layers of ashy material suggesting looking northwest. Gallery house is in foreground. Colonnade that the ash derived from more than is in background. Holes in long, low central wall or bench (“sty- a single fire at the end of or after the lobate”) in colonnade were bases for wooden columns, about 23 centimeters in diameter, which supported a light shade roof. gallery’s useful life. Giza, Egypt 2001–2002 ANNUAL REPORT 51 oi.uchicago.edu RESEARCH If the galleries were in fact dormitories or barracks, the gallery complex could have housed from 1,600 to 2,000 people. These would most likely have been the laborers who rotated in and out of the pyramid building project. Evidence from ancient Egyptian texts suggests that many of the common unskilled workers were temporary, serving short periods on the royal project. Such a large population of laborers living in the galleries may account for the abundance of material culture — animal bone, pottery, ash, and other refuse — that we have recovered over an area equal to four or five football fields where there are only three dozen formal houses. Wall of the Crow East (WCE) Last season we became convinced that the east end of the Wall of the Crow was built as a set piece with the gallery system.