Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 2016 CyberPAL: a mobile resource for cyberbullying Beverly S. Shieh Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Shieh, Beverly S., "CyberPAL: a mobile resource for cyberbullying" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 622. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/622 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology CYBERPAL: A MOBILE RESOURCE FOR CYBERBULLYING A clinical dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Psychology by Beverly S. Shieh April, 2016 Drew Erhardt, Ph.D. - Dissertation Chairperson This clinical dissertation, written by Beverly S. Shieh under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members, has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY Doctoral Committee: Drew Erhardt, Ph.D., Chairperson Carol Falender, Ph.D. Dorothy Espelage, Ph.D. © Copyright of Beverly Shieh (2016) All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... vii VITA ............................................................................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. xv Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Aims of the Chapter ............................................................................................................. 2 Overview of Bullying .......................................................................................................... 2 Definition of Bullying ............................................................................................. 2 Types of Bullying .................................................................................................... 3 Prevalence ................................................................................................................ 3 Bullying Roles ......................................................................................................... 4 Impact of Bullying ................................................................................................... 5 Overview of Cyberbullying ................................................................................................. 8 Definition of Cyberbullying .................................................................................... 8 Cyberbullying Versus Traditional Bullying ............................................................ 9 Prevalence .............................................................................................................. 13 Features Associated with Cyberbullying Roles ................................................................. 14 Impact of Cyberbullying ........................................................................................ 15 Intervention and Prevention Programs .............................................................................. 16 Programs for Conventional Bullying. .................................................................... 18 Anti-Cyberbullying Apps ...................................................................................... 30 Mobile Applications that Monitor and Restrict Access to CMC’s ........................ 37 Rationale for Proposed Project .......................................................................................... 40 Delivering a Cyberbullying Resource via Mobile Application ............................. 40 Aims of Proposed mobile Application .................................................................. 41 Chapter II: Method ........................................................................................................................ 42 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 42 Goals of the Proposed Project ........................................................................................... 42 Rationale for Proposed Project .......................................................................................... 43 Plan for Developing the Resource ..................................................................................... 44 Literature Review .................................................................................................. 44 Anticipated Structure of the Proposed Mobile Application .............................................. 45 Administration ....................................................................................................... 46 Module Goals for Each Cyberbullying Role ......................................................... 47 Anticipated Content of the Mobile Application ................................................................ 48 Evaluation of the Resource ................................................................................................ 50 Chapter III: Results ........................................................................................................................ 51 Chapter IV: Discussion .................................................................................................................. 52 Project Summary ............................................................................................................... 52 Purpose and Goals of the Project ....................................................................................... 53 Development of the Mobile-App ....................................................................................... 54 Strengths of the Current Mobile-App ................................................................................ 54 Limitations of the Current Mobile-App ............................................................................ 57 Considerations Not Addressed .......................................................................................... 58 Future Directions ............................................................................................................... 59 Potential Improvements to the Current Mobile-App ............................................. 59 Plan for Evaluation ................................................................................................ 61 Plan for Dissemination .......................................................................................... 62 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 63 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 65 APPENDIX A: Table Review of Literature .................................................................................. 85 APPENDIX B: IRB Approval Letter .......................................................................................... 131 APPENDIX C: Mobile Application Modules ............................................................................. 133 APPENDIX D: Cyberbully Role Questionnaire ......................................................................... 135 APPENDIX E: Daily Log ........................................................................................................... 137 APPENDIX F: CyberPAL: A Mobile Resource for Cyberbullying ............................................ 140 v DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to those who experience bullying but do not have a voice and to my father for helping me find mine. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I am grateful to my dissertation chairperson, Dr. Drew Erhardt, for his contribution and dedication to this project. His intellect and commitment to his students and academia are truly inspiring. My gratitude also extends to my committee persons, Dr. Carol Falender and Dr. Dorothy Espelage, for their expertise and commitment to the field. I have also had the good fortune to be mentored by caring and amazing individuals. I am especially grateful to Dr. Michael Wetter for believing in my goals and guiding me throughout my professional development. I wish to acknowledge Dr. Jennifer Reesman for her perseverance and motivation. Special appreciation also goes to Dr. Alan Hartley for helping me take the first step into this field. I would like to acknowledge my family and friends for their unwavering understanding and support. The encouragement of my parents and sister were indispensable; without you I would not be where I am today. I am also blessed to have undying friendships that were vital to reaching this point: Joanne Chan, Elizabeth Hatayama,