1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY 1 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY De tabellen in dit hoofdstuk moeten worden aangevuld en aangepast. 1.A STATE PARTIES Germany (DE) The Netherlands (NL) 1.B STATE, PROVINCE OR REGION Within Germany and the Netherlands the nominated property is divided over administrative units at various levels: GERMANY ▪ Federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen): districts (Kreise, Landkreise) and municipalities (Städte) of ##. ▪ Federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz): district of Ahrweiler, municipality of Remagen. THE NETHERLANDS ▪ Province of Gelderland: municipalities of Arnhem, Berg en Dal, Nijmegen, Overbetuwe, Zevenaar. ▪ Province of Utrecht: municipalities of Bunnik, Utrecht, Woerden. ▪ Province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland): municipalities of Katwijk, Leiden, Leidschendam-Voorburg, Voorschoten. 1.C NAME OF PROPERTY Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes In Germany and the Netherlands the following equivalents are used in the national languages: Grenzen des Römischen Reiches – Der Niedergermanische Limes Grenzen van het Romeinse rijk – De Neder-Germaanse Limes 1.D GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES TO THE NEAREST SECOND Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes is a serial transnational nomination. The southern end is constituted by the fort of Remagen (DE), with its approximate centre at ##coordinates. The western end is constituted by the fort of Valkenburg (NL), with its approximate centre at ##coordinates. 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY 2 The nominated property consists of ## component parts, some of which have been grouped in spatial clusters. The individual component parts are listed in table 1.1, with the coordinates of their approximate centres. Table 1.1 List of component parts of the Lower German Limes. Coordinates are in geographic longitude/latitude (Easting/Northing). GERMANY No Name District / Municipality Coordinates (E/N) x Remagen Remagen ## ## THE NETHERLANDS No Name Municipality Coordinates (E/N) 1 Valkenburg-Centrum Katwijk ## ## 2 Valkenburg-De Woerd Katwijk ## ## 3 Voorburg-Arentsburg Leidschendam-Voorburg 4 Corbulo canal Leidschendam-Voorburg / Voorschoten 5 Leiden-Roomburg Leiden 10 Woerden-Centrum Woerden 12 Limes road Utrecht-Veldhuizen Utrecht 13 Utrecht-Hoge Woerd Utrecht 14 Utrecht-Groot Zandveld Utrecht 15 Utrecht-Domplein Utrecht 16 Bunnik-Vechten Bunnik 18 Arnhem-Meinerswijk Arnhem 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY 3 THE NETHERLANDS No Name Municipality Coordinates (E/N) 19 Herwen-De Bijland Zevenaar 20 Elst-Grote Kerk Overbetuwe 21/22 Nijmegen-Oppidum Batavorum Nijmegen / Valkhof 23 Nijmegen-Hunerberg Nijmegen 24 Nijmegen-Kops Plateau Berg en Dal / Nijmegen 25 Berg en Dal-aqueduct Berg en Dal / Nijmegen 26 Berg en Dal-Holdeurn Berg en Dal 1.E MAPS AND PLANS, SHOWING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE NOMINATED PROPERTY AND BUFFER ZONES The entire extent of the nominated property is illustrated in fig. 1.1. It extends from Remagen (DE) in the south to Valkenburg (NL) in the west, running for approx. 400 km along the river Rhine. Fig. 1.1 Overview of Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes. [map: with indication of DE/NL border] The dimensions of the nominated property as a whole do not allow the indication of the identification numbers of the individual component parts in a map at the scale of the entire property. These numbers have therefore been indicated in separate maps of the relevant parts of the two countries (figs 1.2 and 1.3). Fig. 1.2 Overview of Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes in Germany, with numbers of the component parts. [map] Fig. 1.3 Overview of Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes in the Netherlands, with numbers of the component parts. [map] Due to the extent of the nominated property the boundaries of its component parts and their buffer zones can only be mapped at the level of the individual component part (or of a spatial cluster of component parts, where applicable). Detail maps illustrating the boundaries of component parts and their buffer zones can be found in the site catalogue (Annex ##). 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY 4 1.F AREA OF NOMINATED PROPERTY (HA) AND BUFFER ZONE (HA) Total area of nominated property: ## ha Total area of buffer: ## ha Total: ## ha. The areas of the individual component parts and their buffer zones are listed in table 1.2. Table 1.2 List of component parts, with indication of the areas of the component parts and their buffer zones. Coordinates are in geographic longitude/latitude (Easting/Northing), in decimal degrees (DD). GERMANY id no = name region/municipality coordinates area (ha) area (ha) area (ha) map no (E/N) comp. part buffer zone total 1 Remagen Remagen 7.2276 50.5797 2.31 4.43 6.74 x.a Lager A Bedburg-Hau x y 12.00 164.58 176.58 x.b Lager B Bedburg-Hau x y 14.38 see x.a 14.38 THE NETHERLANDS id no = name region/municipality coordinates area (ha) area (ha) area (ha) map no (E/N) comp. part buffer zone total x.a Holdeurn N Berg en Dal x y 4.35 4.35 x.b Holdeurn S Berg en Dal x y 10.77 10.77 2 DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY 5 2 Description .................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.a Description of Property............................................................................................................................. 7 2.a.1 Prologue .......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.a.2 General description ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.a.3 The first linear frontier, embedded in a dynamic river landscape ................................................ 11 ■ The first linear frontier ........................................................................................................................ 12 ■ Adapting (to) a dynamic river landscape ............................................................................................. 13 ■ Roman military construction in timber ............................................................................................... 14 ■ The footprint of a frontier ................................................................................................................... 16 ■ Military history of the Western Empire ............................................................................................... 17 ■ Treasure-chest of frontier life ............................................................................................................. 18 2.a.4 Elements of the Lower German Limes .......................................................................................... 20 ■ Legionary fortresses and other large bases ......................................................................................... 20 ■ Forts ..................................................................................................................................................... 21 ■ Fortlets and towers ............................................................................................................................. 21 ■ Temporary camps ................................................................................................................................ 22 ■ Fleet base and bridgehead fort ........................................................................................................... 23 ■ Civil settlements and cemeteries ........................................................................................................ 23 ■ Limes road ........................................................................................................................................... 24 ■ kiln sites ............................................................................................................................................... 24 ■ Aqueduct ............................................................................................................................................. 25 ■ Towns and governor’s palace .............................................................................................................. 25 ■ Sanctuaries .......................................................................................................................................... 25 ■ Riverine infrastructure and deposits ................................................................................................... 26 2.a.5 Overview of component parts ...................................................................................................... 27 2.b History and Development ....................................................................................................................... 28 2.b.1 The Roman Empire and its frontiers ............................................................................................. 28 2.b.2 History of the Lower German Limes .............................................................................................. 31 2 DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY 6 2.b.3 Later developments ...................................................................................................................... 35 ■ Middle Ages ......................................................................................................................................... 35 ■ Antiquarian interest