Notes 1. FRANCE AMBIVALENT, 191HO 1. Jean-Paul Sartre, lron in tkt &ul (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967) 246; Mare Bloch, Strange Deftat. A Statement of &idence Written in 1940 (New York: Norton, 1968) 132; Jean Dutourd, The Taxis oftke Mame (1957) as found in Samue1 M. Osgood (ed.) The Fall of France, 1940 (Boston: Heath, 1972) 109. 2. Jean-Jacques Becker, 1914: Comment Les Franfais sont entrts dans la gunre (paris: FNSP, 1977) 574; Sundf9' Tzmes, 27 August 1939; W1adimir d'Ormesson in Le Figaro, 30 June 1939; Jaeques Maritain, France, My Country (1941), as quoted in Samuel M. Osgood (ed.) The Fall ofFrame, 1940, 122. 3. Maurice Vaisse, 'Le paeifisme fran~ais dans les annees trente', Relations Internation­ ales, no. 53 (Autumn 1988) 51. 4. Genevieve Colin and Jean:Jacques Beeker, 'Les eerivains, la guerre de 1914 et I'opinion publique', Relations Inlem4tionales, no. 24 (Winter 1980) 425-42; also Stephane Audoin-Rouzeau, '''Bourrage de crane" et Information en Franee en 1914-1918', in JJ. Becker et aI (ed.) Les soc;etees europeennes (Paris: Universite de Nanterre, 1990) 163-74; and Jean-Fran~is Sirinelli, 'Les intelleetuels fran~ais et la guerre', in Les sociities europiennes 145-61. 5. Georges Soutou, 'La Franeeet l'Allemagne en 1919', in J.-M. Valentin, J. Bariety, A. Guth (eds) La Frame et l'Allemagne entre les deu.x gumes mondiales (Nancy: Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 1987) 9-20. 6. See Journal Offici.el (J.O.) Chamber Debates, 2-3 September 1919, 4099-114, 4124-9; 18 September, 4422-3; also Young Powerand Pleasure. Louis Bartkou and tkt Third French Republic (Montreal: MeGill-Queen's University Press, 1991) 155-60. 7. Pierre Miquel, La paix Je VersailLes et l'opinion publique fttmfaise (Paris: F1ammarion, 1972) 563. 8. Andre Marte!, 'La doctrine fran~ise de eontre-offensive ä l'epreuve de la deUloeme guerre mondiale', Relations Internationales, no. 35 (Autumn 1983) 356. 9. See Norman Ingram, The Politics of Dissent. Pacifism in France, 191fJ-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991); also Antoine Prost, 'Les anciens eombattants fran~ais et I'Allemagne, 1933-1938', in La Frame et l'Allemogne, 1932-1936 (Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1980) 131-48. 10. See Vineent J. Pitts, Frame and tkt German Problem. Politics and Economics in tke Locarno Period, 1924-1929 (New York: Garland, 1987) 327; also Sally Marks, The Illusion of Peace. International Relations in Europe, 1918-1933 (London: Maemillan, 1976) 48-53; and 'The Misery of Vietory: Franee's Struggle for the Versailles Treaty', Histomal Papers (Canadian Historieal Association, 1986) 126. 11. Edward D. Keeton, Briand's Locarno Policy. French Economics, PoliJics, and Diplomacy, 1925-1929 (New York: Garland, 1987). 12. See Walter A. MeDougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914-1924. The Last Bidfor a Balance of Power in Europe (Prineeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978) 9. 13. Jonathan He!mreieh, 'The Negotiation of the Franeo-Be1gian Military Aecord of 1920', French Histoncal Studies, iii, no. 3 (Spring 1964) 36(}-78. NOTES 155 14. Piotr S. Wandycz, The Twilight qf French Eastern Alliances 1926-1936. FrenclrCze­ choslovalc--Polish Relationsftom Locamo to the Remilitarization qfthe Rhineland (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) 3-16. 15. SeeJudith M. Hughes, To the Maginot Line. The Politics qf French Military Preparation in the 1920s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971) 192-93; Jeffery A. Gunsburg, Divided and Conquered. The French High Command and the Diftat qf the West, 1940 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979) 11-12; and his original dissertation 'Vaincre ou Mourir: The French High Command and the Defeat of France, 1919- May 1940' (Durharn: Duke University Press, 1974) 24-7; Henry Dutailly, Les problemes de l'amuie de terreftanfaise, 1935-1939 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1980) 91-114. 16. Vivian Rowe, The Great Wall qf France (London: Putnam, 1959) 63. 17. For a useful survey of French strategy, see Robert A. Doughty, 'The French Armed Forces, 1918-1940,' in Allan R. Millett and Williamson Murray (eds) Military Effictiveness, vol. 2 (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1988) 53. 18. For a summary of this internal tension, see Maurice Valsse, Securite d'Abord. La politiqueftanfaise en matiere de desarmement, 9 dicembre 1930--17 avril1934 (Paris: Pedone, 1981) 597--615. 19. See Young, 'The Making of a Foreign Minister: Louis Barthou (1862-1934)', in Michael G. Fry (ed.) Power, Personalities and Policies: Ess'9's in Honour qf Donald Cameron Watt (London: Cass, 1992) 83-106. 20. As Geoffrey Warner argued in an important early work, Laval was also indined to minimize the complexities of international affairs and by so doing to exaggerate his grasp of them. See Pierre Laval and the &lipse qf France (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968). 21. For the most recent account of this event, from a French perspective, see Stephen A. Schuker, 'France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936', French Historical Studies, xiv, no. 3 (Spring 1986) 299-338. 22. See Gordon Dutter, 'Doing Business with the Nazis: French Economic Relations with Germany under the Popular Front', Journal qf Modern History, vol. lxiii, no. 2 (June 1991) 296-326; 'Doing Business with the Fascists: French Economic Relations with Italy under the Popular Front', French History, iv, no. 2 Gune 1990) 174-98. 23. For the relationship of economics and foreign policy, see Rene Girault, 'The Impact of the Economic Situation on the Foreign Policy of France, 1936-1939', in W J. Mommsen and L. Kettenacker (eds) The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement, (London: Allen and Unwin, 1983) 202-26; and Gilbert Ziebura, 'Determi­ nants of French Foreign Policy after 1932: On the Relationship of National and Foreign Policy and International Politics and Economics', in Fred Eidlin (ed.) Cons­ titutional Demoeracy. Ess'9's in Comparative Polities (Boulder: Westview Press, 1983) 449- 69. 24. A drift for which Blum and Delbos have been held largely responsible, see William I. Shorrock, From Alry to ETItrr9'. The Enigma qf Faseist Itary in Freneh Diplomacy, 1920--1940 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1988),291-293. 25. John C. Cairns, 'Planning for la guerre des masses: Constraints and Contradictions in France before 1940' in H.R. Borowski (ed.) Military Planning in the Twentieth Century, (Washington, DC: United States Air Force, 1986) 51; and Robert Frank(enstein), 'The Decline of France and French Appeasement Policies, 1936--1939', in W. Mommsen and L. Kettenacker (eds) The Fascist Challenge and the Policy qfAppeasement (London: Allen and Unwin, 1983) 237. 26. See Patrice Buffotot, 'The French High Command and the Franco-Soviet Alliance, 1933-1939', Journal qf Strategie Studies, v, no. 4 (December 1982) 546-59; Maurice Vai"sse, 'Les militaires fran~ais et l'aIIiance franco-sovietique au cours des annees 1930', in Forces amuies et systemes d'alliances (Paris: Cahiers de la Fondation pour les Etudes de DHense Nationale, 1984) 689--703; Michael]. Carley, 'End ofthe "Low, 156 FRANCE AND THE ORIGINS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR Dishonest Decade": Failure of the Anglo-French Soviet Alliance in 1939', Europe-Asia Studies, xlv, no. 2 (1993) 303-41. 27. See Nicolejordan, 'Uon Blum and Czechoslovakia, 1936-1938', French History, v, no. I (March 1991) 48-73. 28. See Robert Frank(enstein), Le prix du rearmement frtlTlfais, 1935-1939 (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1982); also Jean Doise and Maurice Valsse, Diplomatie et outil militaire, 1871-1969 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1987) 321-5. 29. Elisabeth Du Reau, 'Enjeux strategiques et redeploiement diplomatique fran<;ais: novembre 1938, septembre 1939', Relations Internationales, no. 35 (Autumn 1983) 327. 30. See Frederic Seager, 'Les buts de guerre aIIies devant I'opinion (1939--1940)', Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, xxxii (October--December 1985) 617-38. 31. See Paul Stafford, 'The French Govemment and the Danzig Crisis: The Italian Dimension', International History Review, vi, no. I (February 1984) 48-87. 32. Guy Rossi-Landi, La dr8le de guerre. JA vie politique en France 2 septembre 1939-10 mai 1940 (Paris: Colin, 1971) 17. 33. A1fred Sauvy, De Paul Rrynaud a Charles De Gaulle (Paris: Casterman, 1972) 97. 34. Sartre, Iron in the Soul, 245. 35. J.B. Duroselle, L'Abime, 1939-1945 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1982) 25. 36. Rossi-Landi, La dr8le Je guerre, 171. 37. See Martin S. A1exander, 'Maurice Gamelin and the Defeat of France, 1939-1940', in Brian Bond (ed.) Fallen Stars. Eleven Studies rif Twentieth Century Military Disasters (London: Brassey's, 1991) 107-140. 38. See Serge Berstein, La France des annees 30 (Paris: Colin, 1988) 169. 39. Jean-Paul Sartre, Nausea. Translated by L10yd A1exander. (New York: New Directions Paperback, 1964) 13. 2. AMBIVALENCE REVISITED: HISTORY AND HISTORIANS I. Assemblee Nationale. Session de 1947. No. 2344. Rapport Jait au nom Je la commission charge. d'enqueter sur les ivinements survenus en France de 1933 a 1945, 2 vols; Annexes (Depositions). Temoignages et documents recueillis par la commission d'en­ quete parlementaire, 9 vols. (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1947). 2. Marc Bloch, Strange Difeat (New York: Norton, 1968). 3. Sartre, Iron in lhe Soul (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967) 245-6. 4. See Young, 'Partial Recall: Political Memoirs and Biography from the Third French Republic', in George Egerton (ed.) Political Memoir: Essays on the Politics rif Memory (London: Cass, 1994) 62-75. 5. See Georges Castellan, 'Wehrmacht vue de la France, septembre 1939, Revue hiswrique Je ['armee, no. 2 (1949) 35-49; Le rearmement clandestin du Reich, 1930-1935 (paris: PIon, 1954). 6. In particular, see Pierre Renouvin's two volumes on Les crises du XXe sieele (Paris: Hachette, 1957-8) in his own series Histoire des relations internationales; Maurice Baumont's two volumes on JA foillite de la paix (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1951); J.B.