Vision´ Electronica´ Vol. 10 No. 2 (2016) Julio-Diciembre p.p. 262-273 ISSN 1909-9746 ISSN-E 2248-4728 Bogota´ (Colombia) • • • • • Visi´onElectr´onica M´asque un estado s´olido http: revistas.udistrital.edu.co/ojs/index.php/visele/index VISION ELECTRONICA A CURRENT VISION Drones: General aspects and social applications Drones: Aspectos generales y aplicaciones sociales Byron Felipe S´anchezPinz´on.1, Jos´eRicardo Tapia Ortega.2, Paolo Rosa.3 informacion´ del art´ıculo abstract Historia del art´ıculo: Drones, officially called Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UAV, for its acronym in English defined Enviado: 02/04/2016 as a powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces Recibido: 12/05/2016 to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable Aceptado: 23/07/2016 or recoverable, and can carry payload. They have been mainly used in armed conflicts, but today quality of life of communities. This research paper seeks to give the reader Keywords: an overview of general aspects and social applications of drones, particularly evolution, Aircraft development, regulation, technical standards, and implementation in the Americas region; Applications moreover, a guide for the implementation of future projects and applications for the benefit Airspace of society and development of the region is also provided. Modeling Regulation resumen Palabras clave: Los drones, denominados oficialmente como veh´ıculosa´ereosno tripulados, (UAV) por sus Aeronave siglas en ingl´es,se caracterizan por no llevar a bordo operador humano, su modelamiento Aplicaciones es aerodin´amico,por lo que es capaz de mantener un nivel de vuelo controlado y sostenido, Espacio A´ereo y hacerlo aut´onomamente a trav´esde software o controlado de forma remota. Debido a que Modelamiento su uso se da principalmente, en conflictos b´elicos;se hace necesario considerar otros campos Regulaci´on de acci´onque aporten al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de las comunidades. Por lo anterior, el presente art´ıculode investigaci´on busca que el lector tenga un panorama sobre aspectos generales y aplicaciones sociales que pueden realizarse con drones, particularmente su evoluci´on,avances, regulaci´on,normas t´ecnicase implementaci´onen la regi´onAm´ericas; y orientar as´ıla ejecuci´onde futuros proyectos y/o aplicaciones en beneficio de la sociedad y el desarrollo de la regi´on. 1Ministry of telecommunications (MinTic). Bogot´a,Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] 2TICS SAS. Bogot´a,Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] 3International Telecommunication Union ITU. Bogot´a,Colombia. E-mail:[email protected] Citar este art´ıculocomo: B. F. S´anchez, J. R. Tapia, P. Rosa. “ Drones: General aspects and social applications ” . Visi´onElectr´onica, algo m´asque un estado s´olido,Vol. 10, No. 2, 262-273, julio-diciembre 2016. Drones: General aspects and social applications 263 1. Introduction Successful first controlled flight of an unmanned aircraft was done on March 6th, 1918: this one was a de a biplane Drones are small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, bomber known as unmanned aerial torpedo Sperry; made remote-controlled and a great ability to be used in many of wood, using a guidance based on the knowledge of social areas. Today, the development of technology has wind speed and target distance , needed to establish allowed to popularize its use and to develop innovative engine characteristics and speed to reach the target [4]. technology initiatives. While it was the arms industry But it was not until World War II where the evolution who was responsible for the technological development of the drones was rapid, applying radio remote control of UAVs, at present - thanks to innovation and to lower technologies that served to convert aircraft as PB4Y-1 the cost of manufacturing, the drones have been used in and B-17 into aircraft pilotless which had systems guided other areas, for example: search and rescue of missing through television images [5]. During the 60s, Unite civilians; farm activities and fumigation; exploration of States Air Force begins the AQM-34 program with oil, gas and minerals sites; telecommunications signal Firebee designed from the start as a pilotless aircraft, coverage; or inspection power lines, aerial photography, whose reliability was 83 %. Between 1964 and 1975 were crimes fighting facilitation. sent over 1000 UAVs of this type in surveillance missions on the Asian territory [6]. In the 90s, with the availability However, the general information, applications and of GPS and digital flight control systems (DFCS), it was regulations remain still limited. Therefore, this paper possible to develop the first model of a VTOL (Vertical shows a review for research purposes to determine a Take-Off and Landing): the Yamaha R50 [7]. baseline of current UAVs in some regions of the world. Accordingly, the paper is structured as follows: first a Moreover, thanks to the inventiveness of a young brief state of the art on the origins and development of Mexican and with the help of Open Source platforms UAVs; then, a physical and mathematical modeling is such as Arduino (2009), 3D Robotics company, pioneer in illustrated; then, details are specified about the technical the region and worldwide in the development of civilians operation of the Drones. After, this article describes some UAVs, produces over 15,000 autopilots per year, for IRIS regulations & policies adopted for the Drones followed by +, AERO and SOLO models, in the production plant the illustration of some applications and relevant social located in Tijuana Mexico, also has offices in the US impact; some perspectives are observed at regional and where over than 150 employees has been hired [8]. local level; finally some conclusions are given. In Latin America efforts have been made to develop 2. State of the art programs and UAVs. These systems are still at an early stages of operation. By the end of 2001, under the Unmanned aviation had its beginnings in models extraordinary meeting of the South American Defense manufactured by European inventors such as George Council of UNASUR, defense ministers agreed to create a Cayley (Mathematician English) in 1809, Felix du working group to study the development and production Temple (Navy French Officer’s) in 1857, among others. of prototypes UAVs in the region [9]. The origin of UAV is given with the invention of aerial torpedoes; but the UAV experienced a rapid In Colombian case, in 2005 the Colombian Air Force development thanks to technologies such as guided (FAC) acquired the first unmanned aerial vehicle VTOL bombs, radio-controlled models, aircraft reconnaissance model of Neural Robotics Company in order to study and combat aircraft [1]. In the late nineteenth century and practise the operation of this technology resulting American pioneers like the Wright brothers designed and in the development of research and design of UAVs. For manufactured an aircraft that although controllable, not this reason in 2010 an initiative of joint work between the able to fly by itself but launched by a catapult with FAC and CIAC was born for the design and manufacture very short flights sufficient to test steering systems and of the first prototype of UAV known as IRIS (Figure control thereof [2]. Thus conventional aviation develops 1)[9]. It is estimated that the amount of investment rapidly during the First World War [3]. for the development of this project amounted to USD $ 1,000,000 [10]. In addition, the FAC in 2006 acquired Around 1916 it was held the first UAV4 device, this the Boeing Scan Eagle, American made, used in ISR one allowed the development of new control systems and missions (intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance) navigation improving designs and flight times on aircraft. to support in operations against armed groups [11]. 4UAV -Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-: United States Department of Defense (DoD ) defined UAV as powered aerial vehicles that do not carry a human operator on board, uses aerodynamic forces to generate lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, be recoverable and able to carry a lethal loaded or not. It’s not considered UAV to ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and artillery shells. Visi´onElectr´onicaVol. 10 No. 2 (2016) Julio-Diciembre p.p. 262-273 ISSN 1909-9746 ISSN-E 2248-4728 Bogot´a(Colombia) • • • • • 264 B. F. Sanchez,´ J. R. Tapia, P. Rosa. At the beginning of 2012 the Colombian government 3.1. Geometry, Stability and Control acquires drones Hermes 450 and Hermes 900 Israeli- made, designed for operations with autonomous takeoff Its necessary to establish a model characterizing the and landing, [12]. aircraft behavior in flight and determine data relating to the position, such as longitude, latitude, altitude and rotation angle [17]. Table 1 shows the main variables for Figure 1: Iris, First Colombian UAV. the modeling. Tabla 1: Modeling variables UAV Longitude Degree value indicating longitude on earth. Latitude Degree value indicating latitude on earth Altitude Meters value showing the distance above sea level. Degree value about turns made by the UAV, in each axes Rotation Angle (x, y, z). Source [17] The control and stability functions in a UAV are: direct, guide and maintain speed in the required position Source [8]. [18]. This requires taking into account the relationship of forces and moments affecting varying flight control Moreover, other Colombian institutions begun to surfaces of the aircraft (Figure 2). Each control surface design and operate their own drones. The Efigenia associated with their own axis, providing a moment that Aerospace Company developed, between 2009 and 2010, generates a force and a relative movement to such balance the EJ-1B Mozart model, with a flight range until 10 shafts. These three areas are identified like ailerons, hours [13]. The Elevation Engineering Company was elevator and rudder. In Figure 3 shows each axis in the first company in Colombia to design, build and Pitching, Rolling and Yawing moment, [19].