The Episcopal Congregation of Charlotte Chapel, Edinburgh 1794-1818 Eleanor M. Harris Department of History and Politics School of Arts and Humanities University of Stirling A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervised by Professor David W. Bebbington 31 October 2013 I, Eleanor M. Harris, declare that this thesis has been composed by me and that the work which it embodies is my work and has not been included in another thesis. i Acknowledgements I asked Professor David Bebbington for advice on a local history project, and he sug- gested it might form the subject of a PhD. His methodical, wise, precise and thoughtful supervision was exactly what I required. It is thanks to him that I have produced a piece of academic work rather than a flight of fancy, and in this and in all my future work I shall owe him a huge debt of gratitude. It has been a great privilege to be supervised by him. The innumerable others to whom I owe thanks would form a prosopographical study in themselves. I have been supported by historians at Stirling, Edinburgh and elsewhere, and staff at the National Library of Scotland and National Registers of Scotland. I have been given opportunities to speak at conferences such as the Ecclesiastical History Soci- ety and Modern British History Network, and been asked thought-provoking questions by popular audiences in Edinburgh. Through the internet and social media I have dis- covered several family historians who provided information cited in the thesis, as well as a global network of lively minds helping with tasks such as ‘crowd-sourcing’ the word Caledonisation. Special thanks are due to Robert Hague, without whose technical support my exalted footnoting, indexing and crossreferencing ambitions would have been thwarted. Type- setting a history PhD in LATEXwas eccentric but very satisfying: I hope those who like the appearance of this one will be encouraged to try it.1 Finally I would like to thank that extended family, the Choir of St John’s. Particu- lar mention is due to my ‘general educated reader’ George Harris; my proof-reader Re- becca Rollinson; Caroline Cradock, who introduced me to the Scottish Catholic Archives; Stephen Doughty, who has edited and directed performances of forgotten Regency church music for me; Anthony Mudge, who edited John Mather’s Hail to the Chief ; Andrew Wright, administrator and master of the photocopier extraordinaire; and Jean Abbot, who knows everything about Scottish Regency lawyers. All the Choir have provided music and front-of-house at my talks, taught me LATEX, taken me for walks in the hills, kept my standards high, listened to my thinking aloud, bought me drinks, fed me, and kept me – relatively – sane. 1See http://eleanormharris.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/writing-phd-thesis-in-latex. html. ii Abstract This thesis reassesses the nature and importance of the Scottish Episcopal Church in Edinburgh and more widely. Based on a microstudy of one chapel community over a twenty-four year period, it addresses a series of questions of religion, identity, gender, culture and civic society in late Enlightenment Edinburgh, Scotland, and Britain, com- bining ecclesiastical, social and economic history. The study examines the congregation of Charlotte Episcopal Chapel, Rose Street, Edinburgh, from its foundation by English clergyman Daniel Sandford in 1794 to its move to the new Gothic chapel of St John’s in 1818. Initially an independent chapel, Daniel Sandford’s congregation joined the Scottish Episcopal Church in 1805 and the following year he was made Bishop of Edinburgh, al- though he contined to combine this role with that of rector to the chapel until his death in 1830. Methodologically, the thesis combines a detailed reassessment of Daniel Sandford’s thought and ministry (Chapter Two) with a prosopographical study of 431 individuals connected with the congregation as officials or in the in the chapel registers (Chapter Three). Biography of the leader and prosopography of the community are brought to illuminate and enrich one another to understand the wealth and business networks of the congrgeation (Chapter Four) and their attitudes to politics, piety and gender (Chapter Five). The thesis argues that Daniel Sandford’s Evangelical Episcopalianism was both orig- inal in Scotland, and one of the most successful in appealing to educated and influential members of Edinburgh society. The congregation, drawn largely from the newly-built West End of Edinburgh, were bourgeois and British in their composition. The core mem- bership of privileged Scots, rooted in land and law, led, but were also challenged by and forced to adapt to a broad social spread who brought new wealth and influence into the West End through India and the consumer boom. The discussion opens up many av- enues for further research including the connections between Scottish Episcopalianism and romanticism, the importance of India and social mobility within the consumer econ- omy in the development of Edinburgh, and Scottish female intellectual culture and its engagement with religion and enlightenment. Understanding the role of enlightened, evangelical Episcopalianism, which is the contribution of this study, will form an impor- tant context for these enquiries. iii Contents List of Figures . .v List of Tables . viii List of Abbreviations . ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Charlotte Chapel Project . .1 1.2 Methodology: Prosopography . .3 1.3 Historical Context: Edinburgh Episcopalianism . 12 1.4 Literature Review . 32 2 Daniel Sandford, 1766-1830 43 2.1 From the Bluestockings to Dugald Stewart . 43 2.2 Episcopalian Evangelicalism . 52 2.3 Sandford’s Writings . 61 2.4 Daniel Sandford and the High Church . 75 2.5 Ministry of Reconciliation . 84 2.6 Influence . 89 2.7 Conclusion . 99 3 The Congregation of Charlotte Chapel 101 3.1 Social rank . 101 3.2 Nationality . 110 3.3 Marriage and Romance . 115 3.4 Predominant Groups . 121 3.5 Edinburgh Addresses . 124 3.6 Conclusion . 131 iv 4 Wealth and Economy 132 4.1 Ideology of Wealth . 132 4.2 The Congregation’s Wealth . 134 4.3 Military . 137 4.4 Land . 145 4.5 Law . 153 4.6 Salaried Officials . 155 4.7 India . 157 4.8 Colonies . 165 4.9 Consumer Economy . 167 4.10 Industry, Trade and Banking . 171 4.11 Literature . 175 4.12 Conclusion . 176 5 Politics, Piety and Gender 178 5.1 Private and Public . 178 5.2 Whig and Tory: Political Allegiance in Charlotte Chapel . 182 5.3 Intellectual Common Ground . 185 5.4 Political and Religious Engagement . 194 5.4.1 Education . 195 5.4.2 Poverty . 199 5.4.3 Slavery . 205 5.5 Gendered Piety . 208 5.6 The Jacobite Inheritance . 219 5.7 Daniel Sandford and Gender Reconciliation . 225 5.8 Conclusion . 230 6 Conclusion 232 Bibliography 241 Biographical Appendix 288 Kinship Networks 333 v List of Figures Map of Edinburgh . .x 1.1 Population of Edinburgh and Glasgow, 1801-1841 . 14 1.2 Scottish Dioceses . 21 2.1 Daniel Sandford, 1766-1830 . 44 2.2 Sandford’s Biblical Citations by Section . 64 2.3 Sandford’s Biblical Citations by Book . 64 2.4 ‘Modern Moderation Strikingly Displayed’ . 72 2.5 Interior of St John’s in 1855 . 79 2.6 Composite Gothic Pillar with Fan Vaulting . 82 2.7 Charles Lane’s Restoration of Wrotham Church . 92 2.8 Confirmations Performed by Daniel Sandford . 97 3.1 Charlotte Chapel . 102 3.2 Social Rank of Members of Charlotte Chapel . 102 3.3 Social Rank by Date of First Association with Charlotte Chapel . 106 3.4 Social Rank by Type of Involvement in Charlotte Chapel . 107 3.5 Nationality of Members of Charlotte Chapel . 110 3.6 British Influence in Charlotte Chapel . 111 3.7 Scottish Connections outside Edinburgh . 112 3.8 British Influence by Type of Involvement . 113 3.9 British Influence by Date of First Association with Charlotte Chapel . 114 3.10 Age at Marriage . 115 3.11 Age Difference between Couples . 116 3.12 British Influence by Social Rank . 121 3.13 Addresses of Charlotte Chapel Members in 1795 . 124 3.14 Addresses of Charlotte Chapel Members in 1800 . 125 vi 3.15 Addresses of Charlotte Chapel Members in 1805 . 125 3.16 Addresses of Charlotte Chapel Members in 1810 . 126 3.17 Addresses of Charlotte Chapel Members in 1815 . 126 4.1 Sources of Charlotte Chapel Members’ Wealth . 136 4.2 Map of Hereditary Estate Ownership . 146 4.3 Map of Small Estates . 150 4.4 Map of East India . 158 4.5 Bankers, Merchants and Solicitors amongst Chapel Officials . 172 5.1 Political Allegiance by Rank . 182 5.2 Collections for Edinburgh Charity Workhouse . 200 5.3 Charity Collections in Charlotte Chapel and St Andrew’s . 201 5.4 Collections for Other Charities, from Three Episcopal Chapels . 202 5.5 Collections for Various Charities . 203 vii List of Tables 1.1 Sources for Charlotte Chapel Congregation . .5 1.2 Gender and Marriage in Charlotte Chapel . .7 1.3 Categories of Information in Biographical Catalogue . 10 2.1 Sandford’s Publications . 61 2.2 Sandford’s Non-Biblical Citations . 66 2.3 ‘My Course of Theological Study’ . ..