ii -Mt03 Pro•ect - = ""- RESEARCh REPORT Z REPORT 88 - ýFIRST PUBLISHED 18 NOVEMBER 1948 - DATE OF REISSUE 21 MAY 1959 =0 L0 reissue-q hal report: / . .. .i . .........OF THE AR•CTIC .OCEANo D0 reissueo" fior repr (';' Z MAR 7 117("? F '+'WAnK/LYON , - -- ý -- nlmie DDC____ibtin U. S. NAVY ELECTRONICS LABORATORY, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA II PREFACE The transpolar crossing of the Arctic Ocean by the USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571) during August 1958 demonstrated the capability of submarines to operate under the arctic ice pack. Consequently, the "SECRET" classification barrier which surrounded arctic sub- marine studies the past twelve years has disappeared. Furthermore, the summer and winter polar operations by the USS SKATE (SSN 578) have demonstraled the capability of the modern submarine to surface within the :ce canopy at any time. The report, "The Polar Submarine and Navigation of the Arctic Ocean," was first issued November 1948. It is reprinted without cry changes (except for the inclusion of an addendum written in May 1950), because editing in 1959 would be applying hind- sight and thus negate any lessons to be learned from comparison of i948 plans aoid programs with actual events that have followed. Pctb of the report are of historical interest only; other rarts are still pertinent to in-ice submarine operations. Waldo Lyon May 1959 Y et w --. .OWL................. - - DD '-. :J D)ISTRIBUTION 7ETI~LMNTA Approved for public releazu% Unlimited I! - Distribution I CONTENTS page 6 I: ITRODUCTION 7 ANTARCTIC OCEAN: SENNET PATROL 7 Sonar Data 8 Buoyancy Contro! 9 ARCTIC OCEAN: BOARFISH AND CARP PATROLS 9 Vertical Dives and Ascents 31 Ice Conditions 45 Sonar and Under-Ice Navigation 52 Under-Ice Echo Sounder (NK) Records 63 Experimental Scanners 66 PROGRAM FOR RESEARCH 66 Oceanographic-Sonar Studies 70 SUBMARINE MODIFICATION FOR CONTINUING RESEARCH 76 Conclusion 77 APPENDIX A - NOTES ON QLA OPERATIONS CONDUCTED BY USS BOARFISH AND USS CARP 77 USS BOARFISH, Arctic Cruise, 1947 78 Conclusions 78 USS CARP, Arctic Cruise, 1948 79 Recommendations 80 APPENDIX B - CALCULATION OF SOUND FIELD - ROSS SEA 80 Transmission of 24 kc Sound 82 Transmission at Sonic Frequencies 84 APPENDIX C -SHIP HANDLING IN ICE J7 REFERENCES 88 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TABLES page table 8 I Equipments an LISS SENNET 1J.11 II Examples of Sonar Observations 31 II Buoyancy Parameters Recorded Aboard USS CARP 46 IV Equipments Aboard USS IBOARFISH 47 V Equipments Aboard USS CARP 48-49 VI Sonsir Observations, Chuckchi Sea, USS BOARFISH 75 VII Air Volumes and Pressure Reducti.ns for 30-foot Drill Tube 76 VIII Modifications for Turtleback. Submerine ILLUSTRATIONS page figure 12 1 Iceberg, vicinity of Scott Island, height about 200 fre- 12 2 Large tabular icebergs, vicinity of Scott Island 12 3 Pý.ssage through the Rats Sea ice pack I/. 2 ILLUSTRATIONS (continued) page figure 13 4 Passage through the Ross Sea ice pack 13 5 Iceberg passing to stern of USS SENNET 14 6 Passage through the Ross Se3 ice pack 14 7 Ross Sea ice pack, USS SENNET beset 15 8 Ross Sea ice pack, USS SENNET beset 15 9 tISCGC NORTHWIND, Ross Sea ice pack 16 10 USS SENNET under tow by NORTHWIND, Ross Sea ice pack 17 11 Typical bothythermograms, Ross Sea. USCGC NORTHWIND ,8-19 12 Track chart, USS BOARFISH, Chuckchi Sea, August 1947 23 13 USS CARP under lce operations 3 21 1 -a Typical under-ice excursion, USS CARP, 7 September 1948 22 13-h Typical under-ice excursion, USS CARP, 8 September 1948 23 14 Bothytherrrogroms, ice area, Chuckchi Sea, 5-6 August 1947, USS BOARFISH and USS CARP 24 15 Surface temperature and salinity along track of USS BOARFISH, 8-9 August 1947 25 16 Temperature profile computed from oceanographic stations aboard the USS NEREUS 26 17 Salin:ty profile computed from oceanogrophi% stations aboard the USS NEREUS 27 18-a Computed buoyancy changes, 2100-ton submarine, section approximately along 170° meridian 28 18-b Computed buoyancy changes, 2100-ton submarine, section along approximate line from 72'N 170°W to Cape Lisburne, thence along share to Kotebue Sound 28 18-c Computed buoyancy changes, 2100-ton submarine, section along course 300'T from Cope Prince of Wales 30 10 Boom rig, USS CARP 32 20 CXJZ record of surface temperature and salinity, and calculated density, taken during BOARFISH run into scattered ice 33 21 Microtcrque potentiometers mounted on ballast liquidometers, USS CARP 34 22 Hull ungle indicator. USS CARP 34 23 Brush recorder, bridge circuits, and CXJC unit, forward torpedo room. USS CARP 35 24 Scattered brash, surface sonar frustration, USS BOAcrISH 35 25 Brash ice, USS BOARFISH, 1947 36 26 Debris ice, considerable sediment entrapped, USS BOARFISH, 1947 36 27 Glacons, USS BOARFISH, 1947 37 28 Brash icu, USS CHUBB in background 37 29 Brash ice, USS CARP, 1948 38 30 Ice floe, USS CARP, 1948 38 31 Ice floe, USS CARP, 1948 38 32 Ice floes, forming lakes in which CARP dived, 1948 39 33 Ice floes, USS CARP, 1948 39 34 Ice floe, USS CARP, 1948 40 35 Crack through floe formed when USS CARP rammed pack ice 40 36 Opening of crack in figure 35 41 37 USS CARP, 1948 41 38 USS CARP, 1948 42 39 Flight chart, aerial reconnaissance of VPAL Squadron 20 43 40 Aerial photographs, sector A, taken during reconnaissance flight, 5 September-- height, 4500 ft; length of sector approximately one mile 44 41 Aerial photographs, sector B, taken during reconnaissance flight, 5 September- height, 4500 ft; length of sector approximately one mile 45 42 Sonar equipment, USS CARP 50 43 Data fur BOARFISH under-ice dive, 5 August 1947 51 44 Under-ice dive, USS BOARFISH, 5 August 1947 53 45 ice caught on dpck during vertical ascent of USS CARP, 5 September 1948 53 46 Ice caught on deck during vertical ascent of USS CARP 54 47 Topside fathometer (808J) record nf dive under floe by USS CARP, 5 Septembr.r 1948 553 48 Floe under which CARP dived, 5 September 1948 56 49 NK fathometer r-cord, USS BOARFISH under-ice dive 57 50 NK fathometer record, USS BOARF!SH under-ice dive s'4 • 2."3 ILLUSTRATIONS ( page figure 58 51 NK fathometer record, USS BOARFISH under-ice dive 60 52 NK record of surfnce-ship wake observed on USS S-18, October 1943 60 53 Oscillogrom of outgoing ping, NK fathometer 61 54 NK projector pattern and response characteristics of recorder paper 62 55 Observed echo profiles and calculated profiles for volume scattering and diffuse reflection 64 56 Hemispherical dome. Edo zenith scanner 65 57 Projector assembly, I.Mc pinger (guard cover in place) 65 58 Control equipment, I[Mc pieiqer (forward room, USS CARP) 68 59 Ra;' diagram 68 60 Ray diagram 69 61 Ray diagram 69 62 Ray diagram 71 63 Modification of fleet-type submarine, deck plan 71 64 Modification of fleet-type submarine, longitudinal cross.section 72 65 Turtleback of modified submarine 73 66 Elec'r'c thermal ice drill, schematic diagram 74 67 Ice drill. exhaus!intokie eystem 81 B- l(a) Temperature structure and ray diagram, 20 January 1947, antarctic area 81 Bill,() Temperature structure and ray dliorom, 23 January 1947, antarctic area 81 B-liC) Temperature structure and ray diagram, 13 February 1947, antarctic area 2 83 B- (a1 Transmission of 24-kc sound 83 B 2(b) Transmission of 24-kc sound 83 B-2(c)2 Transmission of 224-kc sound 83 B- (d) Tfrnsmission of 4-kc sound L 'I 44 I:, I~ 41 Addendum to USNEL Report No. 88 NEL Pioblem No. 2A5 17 May 1950 ADDENDUM: COMMENTS AND MODIFICATIONS Since the preparation of this report, further work has changed certuin considerations that were presented. This addendum is rAsummary of the more recent work and planning. The prime requirements for the submarine modification are simple to state but do con- flict with conventional problems of buoyancy and stability. The requirements are: 1. The submarine must be capable of being "topped" (under the ice) exactly anal- ogous to being "bottomed." 2. Some snorkel method capable of boring through ice. 3. Scanning sonar for under-ice navigation and topside echc sounder for vertical ascents into lakes or "topping" the boat under-ice. The "turtle-back" requirement (item (1) above) is '-ny method which permits the hull to rest underneath the ice with positive buoyancy. It is believed that the ice boring snorkel (item (2) above) presented in the subject report (figure 66) can be simplified. We are now setting up in laboratory arctic rooms a full scale pilot experiment to test ice boring methods specifically intended to aid in the design of ice snorkels. The favored method depends on warm water erosion of the ice, i. e., the boring tube consists of two concentric tubes 'i. d. of inner tube is 6 inches), with a small spacing between tubes. Warm salt water is pumped by a standard trim pump up through the spacing between the tubes and is forced through nozzles around the periphery at the top of the tube. The pressure from the trim pump will also, produce the necessary lift to force the tube through the bored hole. Fiom further studies of sea ice structure, it is expected that erosion will very effectively assist the melting produced by the warmed water. This method results in a simple, double-walled tube with no required mounting of electrical cables, connections, or devices on the tube itself. It is our intent to have realistic data from these tests available by the end of the year. The QLA scanning sonar Es been found to be the most successful sonar for evalu- ating the ice canopy and under-ice navigation.