53618 v2 Public Disclosure Authorized Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa Policies, incentives and options for the rural poor Public Disclosure Authorized May 2008 Technical Annexes Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Sustainable Development Department Environment and Natural Resources Management Unit Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized Acknowledgements These Technical Annexes were prepared by a team coordinated by Bruce Campbell (CIFOR) and Peter Dewees (ECSSD), comprised of staff from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and its partners and from Genesis Analytics (Johannesburg). The Technical Annexes were extensively discussed at a workshop held at Lilayi Lodge, Lusaka, Zambia on October 30 and 31, 2007 and were redrafted taking into account the discussion at the workshop as well as comments received following their posting on the CIFOR website in September 2007. The Technical Annexes were prepared by a team comprised of Charles Jumbe, Sam Bwalya, Madeleen Husselman, Manyewu Mutamba, Almeida Salomão, Frank Matose, Ravi Hegde, Gary Bull, Will Cavendish, Bruce Campbell, Charlie Shackleton, Jeanette Clarke, Paddy Abbot and Alan Ogle. Their institutional affiliations are noted in each Annexes. In addition to the feedback provided by extensive review and discussion at the Lilayi workshop, Technical Annexes are in the process of being independently peer reviewed. This work was funded primarily by the World Bank-administered Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (financed by the Governments of Finland and Norway) and by the Multi-donor Program on Forests (PROFOR). Additional staff time was contributed by CIFOR through the SIDA- funded dry forests project. Abbreviations and Acronyms PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy NFP National Forest Programme MDG Millennium Development Goal SWAp Sector Wide Approach DFID Department for International Development HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country GBS General Budget Support NGO Non-Governmental Organisation ODI Overseas Development Institute PBA Programme Based Approach DPL Development Policy Loan SIL Sector Investment Loan IMF International Monetary Fund SFM Sustainable Forest Management UNDP United Nations Development Programme PES Payments for Environmental Services FDI Foreign Direct Investment DFI Development Financing Institution MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework CAS Country Assistance Strategy PFM Participatory Forest Management CBNRM Community-based natural resource management Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa Policies, incentives and options for the rural poor Technical Annexes Contents ANNEX 1: CONTRIBUTION OF DRY FORESTS TO RURAL LIVELIHOODS AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY IN ZAMBIA .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 2 2 METHODS......................................................................................................................................................... 3 3 FOREST RESOURCES IN ZAMBIA............................................................................................................. 4 4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HOUSEHOLDS........................................................................................................ 6 5 CONTRIBUTION OF FORESTS TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY..................................................... 16 6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................... 21 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 22 8 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 22 ANNEX 2: FARMING OR FORAGING? RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN MAFULIRA AND KABOMPO DISTRICTS OF ZAMBIA ....................................................................................................................................... 28 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 29 2 METHODS....................................................................................................................................................... 31 3 STRUCTURE OF LOCAL LIVELIHOODS: THE ASSETS..................................................................... 35 4 COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME........................................................................................... 37 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 41 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 44 7 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 44 ANNEX 3: TOWARDS COMMUNITY-BASED MANAGEMENT OF MIOMBO WOODLANDS IN MOZAMBIQUE ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 47 2 FOREST RESOURCES AND COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT AND USE OF FORESTS.................. 49 3 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR CBNRM ............................................................ 53 4 COMMUNITY-BASED MANAGEMENT – INSIGHTS FROM CASE STUDIES ................................. 61 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................... 74 6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 77 ANNEX 4: ECONOMIC SHOCKS AND MIOMBO WOODLAND RESOURCE USE: A HOUSEHOLD LEVEL STUDY IN MOZAMBIQUE ..................................................................................................................... 80 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 81 2 METHODS....................................................................................................................................................... 83 3 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 89 4 DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................................. 100 5 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................ 102 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 102 7 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 103 ANNEX 5: POVERTY, ENVIRONMENTAL INCOME AND RURAL INEQUALITY: A CASE STUDY FROM ZIMBABWE............................................................................................................................................... 106 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 107 2 RESEARCH AREA, DATA COLLECTION, DEFINITIONS ................................................................. 108 3 THE BASIC INCOME ACCOUNTS .......................................................................................................... 112 4 INEQUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES ....................................................................... 112 5 THE CAUSES OF POVERTY AND INEQUALITY................................................................................. 115 6 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................ 121 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 123 8 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 124 ANNEX 6: SILVICULTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF MIOMBO WOODLANDS TO IMPROVE LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES ................................................................................................................................ 128 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 130 2 EXISTING USE AND MANAGEMENT OF MIOMBO........................................................................... 134 3 EMERGING THEMES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MIOMBO WOODLAND................................ 144 4 CONCLUSIONS...........................................................................................................................................