John Greaves, Pyramidographia and Other Writings, with Birch’s Life of John Greaves John Greaves, Pyramidographia and Other Writings, with Birch’s Life of John Greaves Edited with an Introduction and Notes by John Anthony Butler John Greaves, Pyramidographia and Other Writings, with Birch’s Life of John Greaves Edited with an Introduction and Notes by John Anthony Butler This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by John Anthony Butler All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-1141-3 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-1141-5 This book is dedicated to Sylvia, with love. “To her let us garlands bring.” John Greaves. Engraving by Edward Mascall, 1650.1 Wikimedia Commons. 1 Edward Mascall (c.1627-1683) was a portrait artist and engraver about whom very little is known apart from the fact that he worked in the 1650s. Portraits of prominent public figures by Mascall include those of Oliver Cromwell and General George Monck. CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................................. viii Pyramidographia ......................................................................................... 1 A Selection of Letters on Oriental Subjects ..............................................114 Thomas Birch: An Historical and Critical Account of the Life and Writings of Mr. John Greaves ........................................................... 175 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 206 INTRODUCTION Prologue: Wonderment and Science Egypt is the image of heaven. Moreover, it is the dwelling-place of heaven and all the forces that are in heaven. —Hermes Trismegistus, “Asclepius,” 21-29. Title-Page of the first edition of Pyramidographia, 1646. Wikimedia Commons. John Greaves, Pyramidographia and Other Writings ix There are no extant records of who was the first person to visit the pyramids at Giza as either a traveller or tourist, but the ancient structures must have seemed more than worthy of their designation as one of the wonders of the world, their vastness and isolation in the desert landscape overwhelming and dwarfing him. The sense of incredulity which that first visitor must have felt gazing at them survives in anyone who sees them today, for even with the great metropolis of modern Cairo looming against the polluted background, it is the pyramids that one sees, nothing much else. Somehow the skyscrapers of Cairo and even the minarets of its beautiful mosques are merely background to these awe-inspiring structures. Amelia Edwards, who visited Egypt in 1874, captured the vastness of the Great Pyramid: “in all its unexpected bulk and majesty,” she wrote, it “towers above one’s head. The effect is sudden and overwhelming. It shuts out the sky and horizon. It shuts out all the other pyramids. It shuts out everything but the sense of awe and wonder.”2 In 1908 Pierre Loti, who admittedly had a habit of converting reality into fantasy, elevated the pyramids into “three apocalyptic signs. .rose coloured triangles, regular as the figures of geometry, but so vast in the distance that they inspire you with fear.”3 Tourists, noisily insistent cheap souvenir-sellers and guides with their bad-tempered camels are now an integral part of the scene, but in essence the pyramids themselves remain, more or less, the way they were when Herodotus saw them or when Napoleon’s troops (at least that’s the urban legend—it was probably the Turks or Mamluks) took pot-shots at the nearby Great Sphinx’s nose. They sit, defiantly, on the ever-shifting sands, blissfully ignorant of elemental forces or of modern business, monuments to the power of human ingenuity and labour, the largest and most impressive structures of the ancient world, the sole survivors of the Seven Wonders of the World. “Change seizes all those things/ Men hold immortal;” the seventeen-year old Rupert Brooke 2 Amelia B. Edwards, A Thousand Miles up the Nile, rev. ed. (London: Routledge, 1891), 15. Amelia Edwards (1831-1892) was a British novelist and journalist. She was also co-founder (1882) of the Egypt Exploration Fund, the present-day Egypt Exploration Society. 3 Pierre Loti, Egypt (La mort de Philae), trans. W. P. Baines (New York: Duffield and Co., 1909), 3. Loti (1850-1923), a naval officer whose real name was Louis Viaud, was a well-known French novelist and traveller. He is famed for his romantic works of fiction and his “orientalism,” and spent a great deal of time in Istanbul. x Introduction wrote in 1904, “yet do these remain,/ Immutable, voiceless, lonely in their age,/ Grey with the dust that once was kings.”4 Not everyone was so impressed with the pyramids; Pliny the Elder, following Herodotus’s oft-expressed belief in the hubris of the mighty, complained that they were merely an example of the vanity of tyrants. The poet Shelley, no doubt, would have put them in the same category as the ruined statue of Ozymandias, an example of the power time has over human fame as “the lone and level sands stretch far away.” Sir Thomas Browne had further words to say on the subject of time and human vanity as personified by the pyramids, turning these very metaphors of immortality into metaphors of time and change: Time sadly overcometh all things, and is now dominant and sitteth upon a sphinx, while his sister Oblivion reclineth semisomnous upon a pyramid. .turning old glories into dreams. History sinketh beneath her cloud. The traveller, as he passeth amazedly through these deserts, asketh of her, who buildeth them? And she mumbleth something, but what it is he heareth not.5 And the same writer, whose library contained a copy of Pyramidographia, in once again dismissing the metaphor of the pyramids as an antidote for mutability and the ravages of time, remarked gravely, “to subsist in bones, and be but pyramidically extant, is a fallacy in duration. .Who can but pity the founders of the pyramids?”6 Yet they are still, pace Browne, a metaphor for endurance and timelessness, because they are there. Both Pliny and Shelley are gone, themselves premature victims, ironically, of Nature’s power, that selfsame power which has yet to overthrow the pyramids, although it has, with some assistance from time, humans and sand, done some damage to them. The poet and traveller George Sandys, viewing the pyramids in 1610, also saw the pyramids as symbols of how man could defy the ravages of time; the Great Pyramid was, for him, “too great a morsel for Time to devour, having stood, as may probably be 4 Rupert Brooke, “The Pyramids,” in The Poetical Works, ed. Sir Geoffrey Keynes (London: Faber and Faber, 1970), 190. The year of his death (1915), Brooke passed through Egypt on his way to Gallipoli, and caught dysentery as well as sunburn. His mother had the poem printed in 1904, when Brooke was seventeen and had never been to Egypt. 5 Sir Thomas Browne, “Fragment on Mummies,” http://penelope.uchicago.edu. 6 Sir Thomas Browne, Hydriotaphia, chapter 5, in The Major Works, ed. C. A. Patrides (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1977), 308. John Greaves, Pyramidographia and Other Writings xi conjectured, about 3200 years, and now rather old than ruinous.”7 And finally, in our own day we find Daniel Boorstin asserting confidently that “the ancient Egyptians have won their battle against time. We wonder that monuments elsewhere outlast the centuries, but the Egyptian world seems changeless.”8 When a young Oxford don, John Greaves, coming to Egypt on the heels of many distinguished predecessors, first saw the pyramids in 1638, he must surely have felt their “might” too, although he claimed, somewhat disingenuously, that all he wanted to do was measure them, to find out who built them and why— a purely scientific endeavour. If John Greaves sought fame at all, it was as scholar and mathematician, but he also wrote for the love of what he did and because a study of the structures with modern technology could, he believed, yield answers to age-old questions about metrology. Could the pyramids be, for Greaves, perhaps, “a model of the earth,” and might they even contain “standards of measure based upon a knowledge of the circumference of the earth?”9 Building on available sources, which included classical, medieval and modern writers, Greaves hoped to arrive eventually at a definitive description of the pyramids using state-of-the-art instruments and a purely scientific methodology; as he himself put it, he wanted to achieve “the fixing of measures for posterity.” An anonymous eighteenth-century writer observed that Greaves was “travelling. .with designs as great as those of Pythagoras, Plato or any of the ancient Greek Philosophers, who went there [Egypt] in search of knowledge.”10 He would never have suggested that the pyramids had any magical or mysterious meaning, that they were erected by space aliens or by a long-vanished superior race of people; for him, they were the tombs of ancient Egyptian rulers, nothing more, nothing less (as Herodotus had believed), and they were constructed by real human beings with whom he could connect through his scientific 7 George Sandys. Sandys Travels: Containing an History of the Original and Present State of the Turkish Empire, the Mahometan Religion and Ceremonies, A Description of Constantinople, also Of Greece, with the Religions and Customs of the Grecians, Of Egypt, the Antiquity, Hieroglyphicks, Rites, Customs, Discipline, and Religion of the Egyptians. .The Seventh Edition (London, 1673; LaVergne, TN: Nabu Reprints, 2013), 98. 8 Daniel J.