Research Report Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in Schools Erica Southgate Karen Blackmore Stephanie Pieschl Susan Grimes Jessey McGuire Kate Smithers August 2019 Commissioned by the Australian Government Department of Education 1 Acknowledgements We would like to thank the incredible teachers who wrote case studies for this report on their use of artificial intelligence and virtual reality in Australian classrooms. Gratitude to the Australian EduTwitter community for getting the word out to teachers, particularly Rachael Lehr (#PrimarySTEMChat). We thank participants of the national consultation who made time to generously share their wisdom. Finally, thanks to Tyhe Reading for the graphic design work on the classroom infographic posters which accompany this report. This report was funded by the Australian Government Department of Education and Training. To cite this report in APA referencing style: Southgate, E., Blackmore, K., Pieschl, S., Grimes, S., McGuire, J. & Smithers, K. (2018). Artificial intelligence and emerging technologies (virtual, augmented and mixed reality) in schools: A research report. Newcastle: University of Newcastle, Australia. This report is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2 Contents Abbreviation ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 13 2. Artificial Intelligence and School Education ............................................................................................ 16 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Defining artificial intelligence ........................................................................................................... 17 2.3 The history of AI ................................................................................................................................ 18 2.4 Different types of AI .......................................................................................................................... 19 2.5 Understanding and misunderstanding AI ......................................................................................... 22 2.6 A brief overview of machine learning ............................................................................................... 24 2.7 The field of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) ...................................................................... 26 2.7.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 26 2.7.2 Intelligent tutoring systems ....................................................................................................... 27 2.7.3 Pedagogical agents..................................................................................................................... 29 2.7.4 Smart classrooms, learning environments and schools ............................................................. 31 2.7.5 Adaptive learning and learning analytics ................................................................................... 32 2.8 Ethics, artificial intelligence and education ...................................................................................... 34 2.8.1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 35 2.8.2 Ethical issues in AI and schooling ............................................................................................... 37 2.8.3 The Education, Ethics and AI (EEAI) framework......................................................................... 39 2.8.4 Human rights .............................................................................................................................. 40 2.8.5 Ethical principles ........................................................................................................................ 41 2.8.6 Ethical design, implementation and governance of AI systems in education ........................... 42 2.8.6 Applying the five pillars of AI ethics to school education .......................................................... 48 2.9 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 49 2.10 Advice to teachers........................................................................................................................... 49 3. Virtual Reality and School Education ...................................................................................................... 51 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 51 3.2 What is immersive virtual reality (IVR)? ........................................................................................... 51 3.3 The learning affordances of virtual reality ........................................................................................ 53 3.4 IVR and school education .................................................................................................................. 54 3 3.5 Ethical and safe use of IVR with children .......................................................................................... 56 3.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 59 3.7 Advice for teachers ........................................................................................................................... 59 4. Augmented Reality and School Education .............................................................................................. 61 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 61 4.2 What is augmented reality? .............................................................................................................. 61 4.3 Research on augmented reality and school education..................................................................... 63 4.4 Safe and ethical use of augmented reality ....................................................................................... 65 4.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 65 4.6 Advice for teachers ........................................................................................................................... 66 5. Curriculum and Professional Learning Resource Mapping ..................................................................... 67 5.1 Background and aims ........................................................................................................................ 67 5.2 Approach ........................................................................................................................................... 68 5.2.1 Criteria for inclusion/exclusion .................................................................................................. 68 5.2.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 69 5.3 Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 70 5.4 Checklist tool for teachers ................................................................................................................ 71 6. School Case Studies ................................................................................................................................. 73 7. Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................................................ 84 References .................................................................................................................................................. 85 Appendix 1: Literature Review Methodology ............................................................................................. 98 Appendix 2: Findings from the National Consultation ................................................................................ 99 Appendix 3: Applying the Five Pillars of AI Ethics to School Education (accessible version) .................... 121 Appendix 4: Resource Mapping Tables ..................................................................................................... 123 About the Authors .................................................................................................................................... 155 4 Abbreviation AI