VOLUME 8 ISSN 2083-9782 ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW PRZEGLAD, PRAWNICZY UNIWERSYTETU IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA , LA REVUE JURIDIQUE DE L'UNIVERSITE ADAM MICKIEWICZ 8 2018 ` POZNAN 2018 VOLUME 8 ISSN 2083-9782 ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW PRZEGLAD, PRAWNICZY UNIWERSYTETU IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA , LA REVUE JURIDIQUE DE L'UNIVERSITE ADAM MICKIEWICZ 8 2018 ` POZNAN 2018 Editorial Board Scientific Board Paweł Kwiatkowski – editor in chief Roman Budzinowski Tadeusz Gadkowski – executive editor Wojciech Dajczak Sławomir Marciniak – executive editor Ulrich Häde Maciej Pająk – managing editor Zbigniew Janku Remigiusz Chęciński Elzbieta Jantoń-Drozdowska Leopold Moskwa Zdzisław Kędzia Jerzy W. Ochmański Marian Kępiński Szymon Paciorkowski Krzysztof Knoppek Jan Radziuk Hubert Kołecki Piotr Szulc Krzysztof Krasowski Jerzy Małecki Proofreader Editors Anna Mikulska Stephen Dersley Tomasz Nieborak Zdzisław Niedbała Technical Editor Adam Olejniczak Alicja Tempłowicz Francisco Javier Andrés Santos Marek Smolak Tomasz Sokołowski Daniil Tuzov Jacek Wiewiorowski Paweł Wiliński Adam Wiśniewski Robert Zawłocki ISSN 2083-9782 eISSN 2450-0976 Financed by Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan & Faculty of Law and Administration Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review Św. Marcin 90 Street 61–809 Poznań Poland [email protected] | www.ppuam.amu.edu.pl Published by: Faculty of Law and Administration Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Al. Niepodległości 53 61 - 714 Poznań Poland [email protected] prawo.amu.edu.pl Typeset: Joanna Askutja Printed by: Totem, ul. Jacewska 89, 88-100 Inowrocław Contents Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Krisztina Nagy The Development of the Hate Speech Regulation in Hungary: from Criminal Law to Civil Law and Media Regulation ..................................................................................9 Samanta Kowalska Freedom of Speech in the Face of Terrorism – Selected International Law Regulations ....... 35 Łukasz Szoszkiewicz Internet Access as a New Human Right? State of the Art on the Threshold of 2020 .... 49 Aleksander Gadkowski The European Committee of Social Rights as a Monitoring Body in the System of the European Social Charter .............................................................................................63 Anna Hernandez-Połczyńska Immigration Problems Facing the European Union from the Perspective of UN Human Rights Council Mechanisms ....................................................................................... 77 Julia Wojnowska-Radzińska Procedural Guarantees for EU Citizens against Expulsion in the Light of Directive 2004/38/EC ................................................................................................................. 87 Paulina Zajadło-Węglarz The Up-to-Dateness of the Debate on Responsibility to Protect ................................97 Agata Kleczkowska When ‘the Use of Force’ is Prohibited? – Article 2 (4) and the ‘Threshold’ of the Use of Force ..........................................................................................................................109 Boubacar Sidi Diallo The Issues of Secession in the Process of the Rise and Fall of States in the Light of In- ternational Law .........................................................................................................131 Sylwia Stryjkowska The International Legal Issue of Attribution of Conduct to a State – The Case Law of the International Courts and Tribunals ..................................................................... 143 Paulina Topolska The Development of the American Private Sector in Relation to International Law. From the First Artificial Satellite to The American Space Commerce Free Enterprise Act ...... 157 Ryszard Kamiński Non-Financial Reporting in the Light of International Regulations and EU Di- rectives ......................................................................................................... 167 Oskar Losy, Anna Podolska The Principle of Mutual Trust in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. Analysis of Selected Case Law ......................................................................................................185 Martin Hapla Is the Separation of Powers a Useless Concept? The Components and Purpose of the Separation of Powers .................................................................................................205 Jana Kokešová Non-Originalism Differently: the Obligation of the Legislator to Respond to Changing Conditions ..................................................................................................................217 Ada Paprocka An Argument from Comparative Law in the Jurisprudence of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal ..................................................................................................................... 237 Maciej Kochanowski Rights of the Posted Workers – Directive 96/71/EC and the Evolution of Legislation Concerning Posted Workers ...................................................................................... 251 Jakub Gołaś Defining the Pillars of Trade Union Freedoms: the Polish Example ......................... 265 Małgorzata Hrehorowicz Possibilities and Prospects for the Development of Criminalistics ............................ 281 Marta Kowalczyk-Ludzia Closing Speech - Between Theory and Practice ........................................................ 295 Przemysław Mańke Art. 6471 CC – Important Protection of Subcontractors in the Construction Works Contract or the Legislator’s Error? ...........................................................................309 Piotr Szulc The Legal Definition of Railway Areas in Poland. The Limitations of Investment and Conducting Business Activity on the Railway Areas ................................................. 323 Jakub Kotkowski The Legal Concepts of Online Commerce ................................................................ 333 Ilya Vasilyev, Margarita Izmalkova, Raisa Khalatova The Views of the Court of Arbitration for Sport and the Austrian Football Association on legal liability for the conduct of supporters........................................................... 353 Michał Bałdowski Digital Currencies Trading under Polish and EU Public Law ..................................369 DOI 10.14746/ppuam.2018.8.01 Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Krisztina Nagy The Development of the Hate Speech Regulation in Hungary: from Criminal Law to Civil Law and Media Regulation Introduction The term ‘hate speech’ collectively refers to expressions which are directed against the foundations of the democratic political system, primarily by citing elements of totalitar- ian ideologies. More specifically, these are expressions which propagate racial, ethnic or nationality-national superiority and incite hatred on such grounds. The characteristic of hate speech is that the conduct is directed against a community, and the statement defames the common trait of the members of that community, which forms the basis of their membership and an essential feature of an individual’s personality (e.g. religious belief, national-ethnic origin). In other words, this form of expression comprises state- ments through which the speaker, usually driven by prejudice or hatred, expresses some opinion about racial, ethnic, religious, gender groups of society or certain members of such groups, which may harm the members of the group and may incite hatred in the so- ciety towards that group.1 In Hungary under existing law, one of the conducts motivated by racism or xenopho- bia, and incitement against a community, is penalised by criminal law. In addition to that, current administrative law, civil law and media law also contain relevant provisions.2 This paper provides an overview of these provisions and evaluates the complex system that has been created in Hungarian law since the democratic transition of 1989–1990, in order to penalise conducts inciting hatred.3 1 A. Sajó, A szólásszabadság kézikönyve, Budapest 2005, p. 68. 2 The most current summary about the Hungarian hate speech regulation: A. Koltay, The Clear and Present Danger Doctrine in Hungarian Hate Speech Laws and the Jurisprudence of the Euro- pean Court of Human Rights, in: Comparative Perspectives on Freedom of Expression, ed. A. Koltay, R. Weaver, M. D. Cole, S. Edland, „The Global Papers Series”, 2017, vol. II, Durham, pp. 3–44. 3 Selected parts of the paper are based on: F. Gárdos-Orosz, The Regulation of Offensive Speech in the New Hungarian Civil Code, „ELTE Law Journal” 2015, no. 3, pp. 103–123. 10 | Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review The framework defined for criminal law, also in international law, cannot be applied from a number of aspects to assess the possibilities of civil law and media-administrative law, because the subject-matter of the protection is different for the three fields of law. 4 The subject-matter protected by criminal law is public peace, first and foremost. How- ever, in addition to the need of establishing that the public peace has been breached, the statutory definitions of crimes, to various degrees, require that absolute/subjective rights need to be directly or indirectly violated or threatened. The statutory definition of incitement against a community, however, does not require that a criminal act must be the result. In civil law regulations, the protected legal interest is different from that of criminal law: Civil law protects personality rights as absolute/subjective rights. Interna- tional regulation may also reflect that