Detlev Jasper and Horst Fuhrmann Papal Letters in the Early Middle Ages The Catholic University of America Press • Washington, D.C. Contents Foreword by Wilfried Hartmann and Kenneth Pennington, ix Abbreviations, xi THE BEGINNING OF THE DECRETAL TRADITION Papal Letters from the Origin of the Genre through the Pontificate of Stephen V, by Detlev Jasper Prefatory Remarks 3 PART i Papal Letters and Decretals Written from the Beginning through the Pontificate of Gregory the Great (to 604) 7 I. Transmission and Reception of Decretals and Letters from Siricius (384-399) through Sixtus III (432-440) 7 1. The Papacy at the End of the Fourth Century, 7 2. The First Papal Decretals, 11 2.1. The Characteristics of Papal Decretals, n a. Definition of a Decretal, 12 b. Earlier Models for Papal Decretals, 13 c. Arenga, 14 d. Decretals and Councils, 16 e. The 'Corpus' of a Papal Decreta!, 18 f. Literary Sources, 19 g. Distribution, 20 2.2. The Earliest Decretal Collections, 22 a. Canones urbicani, 23 b. Episwlae decretales, 25 c. Common Source of the Collectio Ccrbeiensü and the Collectio Pithouensis, 26 d. Individual Items, 27 vi Contents Appendix I: The Canones synodi Romanorum ad Gallos episcopos— The Earliest Papal Decretal? 28 Appendix II: A Canonistic School at Arles? 32 3. Other Surviving Papal Letters from Siricius to Sixtus III and Their Reception into the Canon, 34 3.1. Siricius (384-399), 34 3.2. Innocent 1 (401-417), 35 3.3. Celestine I (422-432), 38 II. The Letters and Decretals of Pope Leo I (440-461) 41 1. The Earliest Traditions, 41 2. The Decretals of Pope Leo I, 49 3. Pope Leo I's Letters and Decretals in Pseudo-Isidore, 53 4. The Reception of Pope Leo I's Letters, 57 III. From Simplicius to Gregory I (468-604): Transmission and Reception 59 1. Simplicius (468—483), Felix III (483-492), Gelasius (492-496), 61 2. Papal Letters of the Sixth Century: Transmission and Reception into the Canon, 65 3. Gregory I (590-604), 70 IV. Collections of Papal Letters 81 1. Collectio ecclesiae Thessalonicensis, 81 2. Collectio Avellana, 83 3. Liber auctoritatum ecclesiae Arelatensis, 85 PART 11 Papal Letters of the Merovingian and Carolingian Periods 89 I. Papal Letters of the Seventh Century 89 II. The Papal Letters in the Correspondence of Boniface 96 III. Papal Letters from the Mid-Eighth to the Mid-Ninth Century 102 IV. The Letters of Pope Leo IV (847-855) 108 V. The Letters of Pope Nicholas I (858-867) 110 VI. The Letters of Hadrian II (867-872), John VIII (872-882), and Stephen V (885-891) 125 VII. Conclusion 131 Contents vii THE PSEUDO-ISIDORIAN FORGERIES, by Horst Fuhrmann 135 I. The Extent of the Forgeries 137 II. The Purpose of the Forgeries 140 III. The Individual Forgeries 144 1. The Collectio Hispana Gaüica Augustodunensis, 144 2. The Capitulü Angilramni, 149 3. The Capitulary Collection of Benedictus Levita, 151 4. The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, 153 a. Breadth and Form of the Manuscript Tradition, 154 b. The Misleading Texts of the Editions, 155 c. The Sources and Their Editing, 159 d. Structure of the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals and the Origin of Individual Pieces, 161 IV. The Origin of the Forgery and Its Immediate Influence 170 1. The Earliest Traces, 173 2. The Struggle between the Metropolitan Hincmar of Reims and His Suffragan Bishop Hincmar of Laon over the Effect of Pseudo-Isidorian Legal Citations, 177 3. Reception in Other Realms: Lotharingia, Eastern Francia, Italy, Spain, England, 181 4. The Contradiction: Many Manuscripts, Little Effect, 184 5. Pseudo-Isidore in Rome, 186 Selected Bibliography, 197 Index of Manuscripts, 211 Index of Papal Letters, 214 General Index, 218.