TEACHER’S GUIDE 4–8 2CS60_K2_ 2TeachersGuide4-8.indd 1 4/21/10 1:37:12 PM LEGENDS OF FLIGHT 3D Legends of Flight is an inspiring and exciting documentary for IMAX® and other Giant Screen theaters featuring milestone 20th century aircraft, including the Stearman wooden biplane, Constellation, Harrier Jump Jet and Schleicher glider. Discover the design challenges, fi nancial risks and the many lessons learned from a century of aviation trial and error, bringing us to the dawn of a new era of revolutionary aircraft—Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner and the Airbus A380. Witness the construction and fi nal assembly of the 787, and join 787 Chief Pilot Mike Carriker as he puts the new airliner through its rigorous test fl ights. Throughout the history of fl ight, inve ntors and engineers have worked to mimic the properties and techniques that enable winged creatures to fl y nearly effortlessly. The leading-edge aviation innovators in Legends of Flight 3D are keen examples, applying composite materials and variable wings to better achieve bird-like strength, weight and fl ight agility. To illustrate these innovations in a way that comes to life for young people and adults, fi lmmaker Stephen Low uses SANDDE [Stereoscopic Animation Drawing Device] animation technology as a perfect tool to bring the organic nature of fl ight alive in 3D for giant screen audiences. (This fi lm also plays in 2D.) EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS FOR THIS FILM Educational materials for this fi lm have been made possible by the generosity of The Boeing Company. These materials have been designed to complement the fi lm and make learning about principles of fl ight and aviation fun and interesting. The Boeing Company is the world’s leading aerospace company and the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military LEGENDSaircraft OF FLIGHT combined. Additionally, Boeing designs and manufactures rotorcraft, electronic and defense systems, missiles, satellites, launch vehicles and advanced information and communication systems. As a major service provider to NASA, Boeing operates the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. The company also provides numerous military and commercial airline support services. Boeing has customers in more than 90 countries around the world and is one of the largest U.S. exporters in terms of sales. Head- quartered in Chicago, Boeing employs more than 158,000 people across the United States and in 70 countries. This represents one of the most diverse, talented and innovative workforces anywhere. For additional information about the fi lm and for additional educational resources, visit www.legendsoffl ightfi lm.com SUGGESTED TEACHER CREDITS RESOURCES Legends of Flight Film The Legends of Flight Teacher’s Guide was developed http://www.legendsoffl ightfi lm.com by Kristen Clapper Bergsman and Matthew Merritt for Pacifi c Science Center, under the direction of project manager Heather Gibbons. Your Own Flight: Forces of Flight http://www.fi .edu/fl ights/own2/forces.html All materials produced for the fi lm, Legends of Flight. Reviewed for The Boeing Company by Scott Lefeber. What Makes an Airplane Fly? http://www.allstar.fi u.edu/aero/fl tmidfl y.htm Layout, design, and illustrations by Clayton DeFrate. NASA: Four Forces on an Airplane Editing by Sally Armbrecht. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/ Special thanks to Ryan Bergsman; James Seferis, Ph.D and David forces.html Bowes of GloCal Network Corporation. Boeing Education: Four Forces of Flight Prototyping thanks to the students of Siri Haugen and Lynn McCabe, http://www.boeing.com/companyoffi ces/ Madrona K-8 (Edmonds, WA); Sylvie Davidson, Zeta Strickland, and aboutus/community/fof.html Pacifi c Science Center. LEGENDS OF FLIGHT Directed by Stephen Low Produced by Stephen Low and Pietro L. Serapiglia Executive produced by Bob Kresser and Jan Baird In Association with the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 2 | LEGENDS OF FLIGHT TEACHER’S GUIDE 9CS60_K2_ 2TeachersGuide4-8.indd 2 7/6/10 1:22:19 PM LEGENDS OF FLIGHT TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 GRAVITY NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATION Investigation #1: Heavy vs. Light STANDARDS FOR GRADES 4-8 6 LIFT Science as Inquiry: Investigation #2a: Defying Gravity All students should develop abilities necessary to Investigation #2b: Lift it Down do scientifi c inquiry. 8 DRAG Physical Science: Investigation #3a: Drag Kites All students should develop an understanding Invest igation #3b: Testing Drag—Paper Drop of motions and forces. 10 THRUST Physical Science: Investigation #4: Balloon Thruster Challenge All students should develop an understanding of transfer of energy. 12 AIRPLANE DESIGN Investigation #5: Spotlight—Lunch Science and Technology: All students should develop abilities of technological 14 INTERNATIONAL TEAMWORK design. Investigation #6: A Sum of Parts Science in Personal and Social Perspectives: 18 MATERIAL SCIENCE: COMPOSITES All students should develop an understanding of Investigation #7: Composite Weave Lab science and technology in society. 20 AVIATION CAREERS History and Nature of Science: Investigation #8: Gizmo Factory All students should develop an understanding of science as a human endeavor, the nature of science, and history of science. GLOSSARY Airfoil: A specially designed fi n that ment ingredient, which provides the (gravity). Lift is a result of differences in provides lift when a current of air passes structure, and a matrix ingr edient, which air pressure, as is explained by Bernoulli’s over it. Bird wings and most airplane is the binding agent. Principle, and equal and opposite forces, wings are airfoils. Drag: The force that opposes thrust. as explained by Newton’s laws. Air pressure: The force exerted by air Drag is a result of the displacement of Light-emitting diode (LED): An electron- molecules, measured over a given area air when an object moves through air. ic semiconductor device that emits light of surface. Drag must be overcome in order for when an electric current passes through an airplane (or anything else, for that it. Light-emitting diodes are considerably Bernoulli’s Principle: Developed by matter) to move forward through a gas more effi cient than incandescent bulbs, Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, or liquid. Other terms for drag are wind and rarely burn out. this principle states that the pressure of resistance and friction. a fl owing fl uid or gas decreases as the Newton: A unit used to measure force. velocity increases and increases as the Force: A measurable push or pull in a One Newton equals 102 grams (3.60 oz), velocity decreases. certain direction. the approximate weight of one apple. Composite: A new material made Gravity: The force exerted by massive Thrust: The force that moves objects by combining two or more ingredient objects on other massive objects over forward. Without thrust, we would never materials, each with its own distinct a distance. The closer the objects are go anywhere. Thrust is also the opposite physical or chemical properties. When to each other, the stronger the force of force to drag, which slows objects from combined, the features of each ingre- attraction becomes. moving forward. dient are shared and the composite Lift: The force that makes an airplane Velocity: The rate of change of an benefi ts beyond the individual parts. In wing or helicopter rotor rise and helps object’s position in space. a composite, there must be a reinforce- the aircraft escape the pull of the earth LEGENDS OF FLIGHT TEACHER’S GUIDE | 3 2CS60_K2_ 2TeachersGuide4-8.indd 3 4/21/10 10:18:27 AM BRINGING ME DOWN LEGENDS OF FLIGHT When you jump, your legs push you into than the air outside and fl oated upward. the air. What brings you back down? But the Wrights used different forces In December 1903, Orville Wright fl ew his to oppose gravity: Lift and Thrust! four-cylinder engine-powered Wright Flyer Airplanes are much denser than air and a mere 120 feet (36.58 m). What brought unlike a hot air balloon, do not need the airplane back to the ground? heated air to fl y. Instead, the forces of lift GRAVIT Y About 400 years ago, Italian scientist and thrust help an airplane to overcome Galileo Galilei watched four tiny dots the force of gravity. When an airplane in his telescope circle around Jupiter. engine is turned off and the plane is What was keeping those moons traveling at rest, it is the force of gravity that keeps the airplane fi rmly on the ground. around the planet? Sir Isaac Newton 1643-1727 Gravity is the invisible force of attraction If you are thinking gravity, you are right! between any two objects. It is a force that In the famous story, Sir Isaac Newton watched So how does gravity work? How do air- depends on the size and distance of the an apple fall from a tree and was inspired to planes defy gravity and stay in the air? two objects. An object with a very large investigate the force that pulls objects to the Did you know that people were fl ying mass, like a star or planet, exerts a very ground and holds the Moon in its orbit. long before the Wright Brothers? On strong gravitational force on objects that Newton’s Laws of Motion October 15, 1783 (220 years before the are nearby and exerts a lesser force on 1. Every object in a state of uniform motion Wright Flyer), J.F. Pilatre de Rozier fl ew objects that are farther away. tends to remain in that state of motion over eighty feet (24.38 m) into the sky Seventy-fi ve years after Galileo’s discovery, unless an external force is applied to it. above Paris, France. He then comfort- the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton 2. The relationship between an object’s ably returned to the ground.