REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES VOLUME XX UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E/F.93.V3 ISBN 92-1-033069-2 Copyright © United Nations, 1994 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES VOLUME XX UNITED NATIONS — NATIONS UNIES TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES Page Foreword vii Avant-propos ix PARTI Case concerning the location of boundary markers in Taba between Egypt and Israel Affaire concernant l'emplacement des balises frontalières à Taba, entre l'Egypte et Israël Decision of 29 September 1988 1 Sentence du 29 septembre 1988 1 PART II Case concerning the delimitation of maritime boundary between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal Affaire de la délimitation de la frontière maritime entre la Guinée- Bissau et le Sénégal Decision of 31 July 1989 119 Sentence du 31 juillet 1989 119 PART III Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agree- ments, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two States and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair Affaire concernant les problèmes nés entre la Nouvelle-Zélande et la France relatifs à l'interprétation ou à l'application de deux Page accords conclus le 9 juillet 1986, lesquels concernaient les problèmes découlant de l'affaire du Rainbow Warrior Decision of 30 April 1990 215 Sentence du 30 avril 1990 215 Index (English) 285 Index (Français) 309 VI FOREWORD The present volume is made up of three arbitration cases, namely, the case concerning the location of boundary markers in Taba between Egypt and Israel, the case concerning the delimitation of maritime boundary between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal and the case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the inter- pretation or application of two agreements concluded between the two States and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair. As a general rule, the awards are printed in English or French, whichever was the language of the original. In order to facilitate consul- tation of the material, head-notes have been prepared in both English and French. This volume, like volumes IV to XIX, was prepared by the Codifi- cation Division of the Office of Legal Affairs. vn AVANT-PROPOS Le présent volume contient trois affaires d'arbitrage : l'affaire con- cernant l'emplacement des balises frontalières à Taba entre l'Egypte et Israël; l'affaire de la délimitation de la frontière maritime entre la Guinée-Bissau et le Sénégal et l'affaire concernant les problèmes nés entre la Nouvelle-Zélande et la France relatifs à l'interprétation ou l'application de deux accords conclus le 9 juillet 1986, lesquels concer- naient les problèmes découlant de l'affaire du Rainbow Warrior. Les textes figurant aux sections I à III sont reproduits dans leur version originale anglaise ou française. Pour faciliter autant que possible la consultation de ces sentences, on les a fait précéder de notes som- maires rédigées à la fois en anglais et en français. Le présent volume, comme les volumes IV à XIX, a été établi par la Division de la codification du Bureau des affaires juridiques de l'Orga- nisation des Nations Unies. IX PARTI Case concerning the location of boundary markers in Taba between Egypt and Israel Decision of 29 September 1988 Affaire concernant l'emplacement des balises frontalières à Taba, entre l'Egypte et Israël Sentence du 29 septembre 1988 CASE CONCERNING THE LOCATION OF BOUNDARY MARKERS IN TABA BETWEEN EGYPT AND ISRAEL 29 SEPTEMBER 1988 Critical period for which the location of boundary markers represents legal boundary between the States—Critical period in respect of appropriate evidence—Suc- cession of States to territory—Estoppel—Acquiescence and de facto agreement—Con- duct of a party as evidence of its acquiescence—Conduct of both parties as evidence of their acquiescence—The principle of stability of boundaries—Relevance of events subsequent to the critical period. Decision of the Tribunal in the absence of conclusive evidence and on the basis of "better" claim—"Preponderance of evidence" rule—Relevance of maps to determining boundary markers—Inconsistency between existing boundary line and the description of such line in a boundary agreement—Evidentiary value of publications—The absence of intended intervisibility in the boundary markers—The principle of non licet—Execution of the award—The powers of the Tribunal. TABLE OF CONTENTS Paras. I. THE ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS A. Introduction 1-3 B. The Principal Provisions of the Compromis and their Implemen- tation 4-19 C. The Factual Background of the Dispute 20-108 1. Introduction 20-22 2. The Taba Crisis of 1906 23-32 3. The Delimitation and Demarcation of the 1906 Line 33-58 a. Negotiations and Survey 33-44 b. The 1 October 1906 Agreement 45-51 c. The Demarcation of the Line 52-58 4. The Subsequent History of the Separating Line 59-104 a. The Pre-Mandate Period (1907-1923) 59-70 b. The Mandate Period (1923-1948) 71-83 c. The Post-Mandate Period (1948-1982) 84-104 5. The Parker Pillar 105-108 D. Contentions of the Parties 109-163 1. Egypt's Contentions 109-140 2. Israel's Contentions 141-163 II. REASONS FOR THE AWARD A. Preliminary Issues 164-181 1. The Task of the Tribunal 164-177 4 EGYPT/ISRAEL Paras. a. Meaning of the phrase "the recognized international bound- ary between Egypt and the former mandated territory of Palestine" 169-175 b. Restrictions imposed upon the Tribunal concerning the locations advanced by the Parties 176-177 2. The Admissibility of Egypt's Claim for BP 91 178-181 B. The Fourteen Pillar Locations 182-245 1. The Nine Northernmost Pillars 182-187 a. Boundary Pillar 7 188 b. Boundary Pillars 14 and 15 189-190 c. Boundary Pillar 17 191 d. Boundary Pillar 27 192 e. Boundary Pillar 46 193 f. Boundary Pillars 51 and 52 194-195 g. Boundary Pillar 56 196 2. Boundary Pillars 85, 86, 87 and 88 197-213 a. Boundary Pillars 85, 86 and 87 198-199 (i) Do the locations of the existing pillars contradict the 1906 Agreement? 200-208 (ii) The legal situation in case of contradictions between existing pillar locations and the 1906 Agreement 209-211 b. Boundary Pillar 88 212-213 3. Boundary Pillar 91 214-245 a. Israel's Alternative Locations 217-225 b. Egypt's Location 226 (i) Periods during which boundary pillars were in existence at the Parker site and at the site of BP 91(E) 227-229 (ii) The argument that Parker had no authority to take part in the demarcation process and that the Parker pillar was wrongly located 230-233 (iii) The argument that BP 91(E) was a trig point erroneously marked as a boundary pillar 234-235 (iv) The argument that neither BP 91(E) nor the Parker pillar was intervisible with BP 90 236-237 (v) The argument that BP 91(E) is not "the final pillar" nor "at the point of Ras Taba on the western shore of the Gulf of Aqaba" and the question of non licet 238-244 c. Conclusion 245 C. Execution of the Award 246-250 Pages DISPOSITIF 130-131 Dissenting Opinion of Prof. Ruth Lapidoth 133-213 Table of Contents 133-134 Appendix A: The Arbitration Compromis of 11 September 1986 215-225 Appendix B: The 1 October 1906 Agreement 227-229 Appendix C: General Area Map 231 Appendix D: Southern Portion of the Map included with the Compromis .. 232 CASE CONCERNING BOUNDARY MARKERS IN TABA 5 AWARD In the Dispute Concerning Certain Boundary Pillars between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel Representatives of the Arab Republic of Egypt: Ambassador Nabil Elaraby Agent for the Arab Republic of Egypt Ambassador Ahmed Maher El-Sayed Deputy Agent for the Arab Republic of Egypt, Director, Legal and Treaties Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ambassador Mohab Mokbel Deputy Agent for the Arab Republic of Egypt Professor Derek Bowett, Q. C. Counsel and Advocate Sir Ian Sinclair, Q. C. Counsel Professor Talaat El-Ghoneimy Counsel Professor Ahmed El-Koshiery Counsel Professor Georges Abi-Saab Counsel Mr. Samih Sadek Counsel Professor Mofeed Shehab Counsel Professor Salah Amer Counsel Dr. Amin El-Mahdy Legal Counsellor Mr. Fathy Naguib Legal Counsellor Professor Nicolas Valticos Advisor Mr. Walter Sohier Advisor Professor Yuonan Rizk Expert Major-General Khairy El-Shamaa Military Advisor Colonel Mohammed El-Shenawy Military Advisor Mr. Ahmed Fathallah First Secretary, Egyptian Mission in Geneva 6 EGYPT/ISRAEL Mr. Waguih Hanafî Assistant to the Agent Mr. Mohammed M. Gomaa Assistant to the Agent Mr. Mahmoud Sami Attaché, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Miss Gehanne Tewfik Mr. Bill Harper Miss Cheryl Dunn Representatives of the State of Israel: Mr. Robbie Sabel Agent for the State of Israel Mr. Raphael Walden Deputy Agent for the State of Israel Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, Q. C. Counsel and Advocate Professor Nissim Bar-Yaacov Counsel Professor Yehuda Z. Blum Counsel Professor Yoram Dinstein Counsel Ambassador Shabtai Rosenne Counsel Mr. Abraham Tamir Director General, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Mr. David Kornbluth Assistant Agent for the State of Israel Mr. Benjamin Rubin Assistant Agent for the State of Israel Dr. Ron Adler Adviser Professor Amnon Cohen Adviser Mr. Jon Kimche Adviser Mr. Felix Mizrachi Adviser Dr. Elchanan Oren Adviser Professor Shalom Reichman Adviser Brigadier-General Oren Shachor Adviser CASE CONCERNING BOUNDARY MARKERS IN TABA 7 Colonel Joel Singer Adviser Brigadier-General (retd.) Dov Sion Adviser Lieutenant Colonel Haim Srebro Adviser Mr. Gershon Steinberg Adviser Dr. Mala Tabory Adviser Mr. Michael P. Wallace Adviser Mrs.