3D Human figure from Geometric to Archaic period The Dark Ages and Geometric Period The Orientalizing Styles Eastern styles in Crete The Daedalic style Other early Archaic Statuary Marble and monumental statuary (to about 570 BC) Kouroi Korai Perirrhanteria Artists and authors Text book: THE DARK AGES AND GEOMETRIC PERIOD • No monumental sculptury • Tradition of BA: clay figurines (human or animals) • They were treated as common pottery (hand made, painted, fired or wheel made – on Crete) • Votive offering, grave furniture EGP: - Centaures and other creatures - First votive bronze figurines 8th C • Renaissance of Art • New cities, new sanctuaries • Large “votive” market • Small figurines of clay or bronze • Lost mould: wax model => every pc original • Geometric shape of bodies • End of GP: inscriptions: donator, address etc. THE ORIENTALIZING STYLES Eastern styles in Crete and Greece - The earliest surviving sculpture in Iron Age Greece is from CRETE - Limestone head from Amnisos • Small relief from the frieze • Not datable context • Stylistically connected to Syria or Hittites • End of 9th C, no later than 8th C • Bronze cult figurines from Apollo temple at Dreros • 2nd half of 8th C • “sphyrilato” – sheet fixed on wooden core and hammered • Up to 7th C The Daedalic style • Characteristic example: AUXERRE GODDESS Lady of Auxerre • Probably rom Crete • Limestone • Dress, shape of head, hair – Daedalic • Hair is also remaining Egypt and Near east • Only frontal view expected “Small decorative style” • Male statuettes are naked • Females are dressed • Workshops on Crete, Peloponese, Melos, Thera, Rhodes, Boeotia • Mid. of 7th C Other Early Archaic Statuary • Small figures of a large variety • Statues are remaining Daedalic style • Also ivory • More freedom and creativity • More different materials • More independent figures • Crete remains “more Daedalic” • Sphinx same as on the pottery • Olympia: important source of votives • Wood must be common material Youth from Samos MARBLE AND THE MONUMENTAL to about 570 BC The first marble sculptures Pharaon Psammetichos I. (664 – 610) => Greeks settled in Egypt = crucial moment for Greek statuary - Statues of natural size and larges - Made from hard stones, standing, seated New materials • Soft stones (limestone, • Hard rocks (marble sandstone, tuff etc.) and other crystalites) can be worked by must be worked by same tools as wood different ways. • In Egypt - abrasion • In Greece – curving by iron tools Unfinished work (Paros) • Marbles from Naxos and Paros • Pentelic marbles – since mid of 6th C • Surface was not polished, was painted Figure planning methods • Egyptian sculptors laid out preliminary sketches • Grid of 21 squares form eye line to the soles of the feet • Greek kouros has a similar scale Kouroi • An upright stance with straight or lightly flexed arm at the sides • One leg is slightly advanced (usually left) -> impression of walking & more secure stability of the statue • Hands are empty • Islands kouroi wear belts • Warriors helmet • Boot are exceptional • Young mature (or adolescents) • Until 600 BC very uniform style Dipylon head • They are not cult statues • Service to the deity • Most of them from Apollo temples (also from Poseidon temple in Sounion, from temples of Athena in Athens and Hera on Samos • Grave markers • In 7th C still daedalic elements Sounion kouros Kleobis and Bitton = twins of Argos - Part of sculptor’s name: …medes of Argos - Dedication of Argives to Delphi Kouros from Syracuse Korai • Same purpose as the kouros • Fewer of them are funerary statues • Servants of female deities • Early exemplars are fully daedalic Head of Hera (Olympia) Perirrhanteria • Shallow water basins supported by 3 or 4 female figures who in most cases stand on or beside lions holding them by tail and lead • The figures are up to1 m tall • Origin from Cyprus and Syria • There are not Daedalic Artists and Authors • Anonymous artists • Contemporary texts tell almost nothing about statuary • First information from Diodorus - First statue of god was made by Telchines from Rhodes, who was a wizard. He was author of Colossos after Diodorus. His sculptures could speak and walk. Pausanias • Smilis of Aegina has made the cult image of Hera on Samos • Daedalus pupils Dipoinos and Skyllis were born on Crete and working on Peloponesse • Daedalus – that who makes miracles (probably later personification of those early monumental styles) Next lecture: 6th C BC architecture .