Index Page numbers in italic refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. Abalos Colles 257, 258, 259 channel networks 5–6 cratered cones 259, 271, 275 formation 9 layered cones 258, 259, 260, 261, Lethe Vallis 206–226 268–271, 273–275 anastomosing patterns 220 erosion 261, 268 outflow 11–12, 12 Abalos Mensa 258, 267 Sulci Gordii 231, 232–255 ablation, solar, Chasma Boreale 277 chaos regions 12 adsorption 146 interior layered deposits 281, 282, 284, 285, Adventdalen, Spitzbergen 113, 114 286, 289–290, 292, 294 periglacial landforms 118 comparison with Valles Marineris 295–296 comparison with Mars 115–118 Chasma Boreale 257, 258, 259, 267 ice-wedge polygons 121 elevation 262–263, 264, 269 aeolian processes 10, 13, 15 formation 276–277 air-fall accumulation, Chasma Boreale 277 air-fall accumulation 277 alases 133, 143 wind erosion 277 Alba Patera Formation 50 outflow event 275, 277 albedo 5, 6 Chryse Planitia, sublimation landforms, ejecta alcove-channel-apron gully morphology 151, 152, 153 blankets 141 alluvial flow clastic forms gully formation 174 blockfields 92, 93, 95, 98, 107 slope–area analysis 185 circles 92, 94, 103 Earth study sites 183, 184, 186, 189 garlands 92, 103 Amazonian epoch 9 islands 90–91, 92, 108 Amazonis Planitia 5 lobate 93–94, 98, 103, 105 thaw 88 Spitzbergen 116, 117 Aorounga Impact Crater, Chad 33 Thaumasia 76, 77–78, 79, 80, 81,82 Arabia Terra 5 nets 91, 92 Aram Chaos, interior layered deposits 282, 285, 286 protalus lobes and ramparts, Arcadia Formation 50 Spitzbergen 117 Ares Vallis stripes 92, 93–94, 95–98, 103, 105, 107 alases 143 Spitzbergen 116 outflow channel 12 clay minerals, sublimation 145–146 Argyre Planitia 7,70 climate 6, 10 Arsinoes Chaos, interior layered deposit 282, 287, 288, Context Camera instrument (CTX) 7 292, 297 interior layered deposits (ILDs) 283 Athabasca Vallis 9, 12, 203, 204 Lethe Vallis 205 ground-ice thaw processes 88, 100 mid-latitude landscape evolution 112 atmosphere 6, 10–11 Rupes Tenuis unit 262, 263 Aureum Chaos, interior layered deposits 282, 284, 285, Sulci Gordii 230, 232 286, 288, 289 Tempe Terra periglacial landforms 45, 46 Aurorae Chaos, interior layered deposits 282, 287, 288, Thaumasia Highlands 71, 73, 74 292, 294, 296 Copernicus Crater, Moon 29 Aurorae Sinus 5 core 9–10 cracks bajadas 117 effect on sublimation 146 bedrock, and gullies 154, 155–156 thermal contraction 139, 142, 143 bergschrund see randkluft crater counting, Sulci Gordii 248–251 blockfields 92, 93, 95, 107 crater fill brine, in gully formation 152, 173–174 concentric 43 Brøgger Peninsula, Spitzbergen 113, 114, 117 mid-latitude 136 lineated, Thaumasia Highlands 73–76, 78 ‘canals’ 5, 6 craters see impact craters canyons see channel networks, outflow creep 61, 195–196 Capri Chasma, interior layered deposits 287, 295, see also frost creep; soil creep 296, 298 CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer) carbon dioxide, ice caps 10, 134 7,70 Cavi Angusti 133, 134 interior layered deposits 283, 289, 291 Cerberus Fossae 203, 204 cross bedding 15 periglacial landforms 142 crust 10 302 INDEX cryoturbation, regolith 87–88, 103, 108 equifinality 1, 111 cumulative area distribution (CAD) 175, 178, 183, 186, Erebus Crater 14,15 189, 190, 193, 194 Eros, grooves 31, 38–39, 40 erosion Dao Vallis, gully morphology 153 aeolian, Thaumasia Highlands 80 Death Valley, California, slope–area analysis 177, 179, Chasma Boreale formation 277 181, 184, 186, 191 interior layered deposits 293 debris aprons Lethe Vallis channels 220, 221 lobate 12 Rupes Tenuis scarp 259, 261 mid-latitude 136–137, 140 Rupes Tenuis unit 265, 273–278 Tempe Terra region 43–44, 46–47, 50 Tempe Terra–Mareotis Fossae region 60–61, 63 age constraints 59–61 Escorial Crater mesa 257, 258, 259, 271, 272, 273 erosion 60–61 elevation 269–271 insolation control 57–58 evaporation, interior layered deposit (ILD) formation landforms 54–58 196–197 landscape evolution 51,61–62 exploration 5–6 morphometry 58–59 Thaumasia Highlands 76, 78, 80, 82 fans debris flow 121 ground-ice thaw processes 97–98 gully formation 173–174 Svalbard and Mars 115, 117, 121 slope–area analysis 185 faults 122 Earth study sites 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187 Thaumasia Highlands 81 Mars 193–194, 196 fill and spill sequence, Lethe Vallis channel Spitzbergen 115, 117–118 network 221–224, 225 Deimos, lack of grooves 38 firn 123 depressions flooding 12–13 scalloped 121, 134 Lethe Vallis 220 Utopia Planitia 137–139 landforms 213–217 sublimation landforms, equatorial regions 142–143 formation, Mars 9 Deuteronilus Mensae 115 fracture hypothesis, Phobos’ grooves 22, 30–34, 36 sublimation landforms 140 fractures Deuteronilus–Protonilus–Nilosyrtis Mensae suite 46, 49, contour-parallel 124, 125 51, 61 and sublimation 146 dichotomy boundary, Tempe Terra, landforms 43–63 freeze–thaw cycles 88, 89, 93, 103, 125, 139, 142 digital elevation models 71, 113, 174, 176, 178, 196 fretted terrain 48, 49, 73 drag forces, Phobos see also valleys, fretted as origin of grooves 22, 35–36 Front Range, Colorado, slope–area analysis 177, 179, reopening fractures 36 181–182, 184, 186, 191 dunes 10, 11, 14,15 frost creep 93, 105, 120, 125, 195, 196 dust 119 see also glaciers, dust; mantling, dusty Galap Crater, gullies 172 dust devils 11, 15 Ganges Chasma, interior layered deposits 282, 283, 284, dust storms 10–11 287, 290, 292, 293, 294–298 Gasa Crater, gullies, slope–area analysis 180, 182–183, early missions 5 185, 187, 188, 190, 192, 194 ejecta, secondary impact craters, Phobos 38 Gaspra, grooves 31,38 ejecta blankets 141, 143 gelifluction 44, 61, 94, 95, 96, 105, 107 ‘El Capitan’, vugs 15 geology, timescale 9 Elysium Mons 6, 7, 203, 204 glaciers Elysium Planitia 9, 203–226 dust ground-ice processes 88 cold-based 119, 120, 121 linked basins 205–206 polythermal 120, 122 periglacial landforms 142 rock 43–44, 61, 69–70 platy-ridged-polygonized terrain 203–204, 205, 206, Spitzbergen 117 215 Thaumasia Highlands 80 see also Western Elysium Basin Gorgonum Basin, gullies 153 Elysium Volcanic Rise 204, 205 grabens 122 Eminescu Crater, Mercury 29 Sulci Gordii region 247, 248, 251 Endeavour Crater 15 grain size, effect on sublimation 145 Eos Chasma, interior layered deposits 287, 295, 296, 298 granular flow, gully formation 173–174 epochs 9 Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, niveo-aeolian features 122, 123 equatorial regions grooves ground-ice, distribution 147–148 Eros 31 sublimation landforms 141–144 Phobos 21–40 INDEX 303 ground-ice Hesperia Planum, formation 9 stability Hesperian epoch 9 distribution model 146–147 high latitudes obliquity 112, 118, 121 ground-ice, distribution 147 sublimation 145–146 ground-ice thaw 87–108 thaw sublimation landforms, subsurface ice 134 and formation of gullies 153 HiRISE images 1, 7, 12, 63, 71 high latitude 87–108 ground-ice processes 88–89 clastic forms 90–103 gullies 154, 155, 172, 178, 181, 196 Mars Phoenix lander, survey 88–89 interior layered deposits (ILDs) 283 groundwater 122–123 Lethe Vallis 205 and formation of gullies 12, 153 mid-latitudes landscape evolution 112 and interior layered deposits (ILDs) 281, 296 Rupes Tenuis Unit 260, 262, 263 gullies 12, 13, 151–168, 171–197 sublimation landforms 135, 136, 138, 144, 147 alcove-channel-apron morphology 151, 152, 153 HRSC images 7, 12 classification 153–156, 158, 160 interior layered deposits (ILDs) 283 ‘reactivated’ 156, 157, 159, 166 Lethe Vallis 205 evolution 161–162 mid-latitude landscape evolution 113 ‘recent’ 162–164, 166 Phobos grooves 22–26 Type A 154–155, 157, 158 Rupes Tenuis unit 262, 263 evolution 160–161 sublimation landforms 140 Type B 154, 155–156, 157, 158 Tempe Terra periglacial landforms 44–45 distribution 151, 167–168 Thaumasia Highlands 71, 72 crater central peaks 151, 158, 164, 167–168 humidity, effect on sublimation 145 crater walls 151, 158, 164, 167 hydrological cycle, Mars Phoenix lander site 87 hills 151, 158, 164, 167 hydrothermal activity 15 valleys 151, 158, 164, 167 Sulci Gordii channel systems 254 evolution 160 Hyperborea Lingula 257, 258, 259 fluvioperiglacial 88, 96–103, 104, 105, 107 elevation 269, 275 braiding 103, 104, 107, 117 Hyperboreae Undae 258, 259 formation processes 152–153, 171–175 Hyperboreus Labyrinthus 258, 259 alluvial flow 174, 183, 185 aquifer outflow model 171, 173 Iani Chaos, interior layered deposits 12, 282, 285, 286, atmospheric theories 153 288, 289–290, 294 debris flow 173–174, 181–183, 193–194, 196 ice dry granular flow 173–174 carbon dioxide 10, 134 effect of obliquity 152–153, 163–164 water 10 fluids involved 173–174, 196–197 sublimation 133–148 slope–area analysis 174–198 see also ground-ice see also slope–area analysis ice lenses 139 subsurface theories 153 Ida, grooves 31,38 surface or near-surface melting 173, 196–197 impact craters 5 latitude distribution 151, 157, 158 central peaks, gullies 151, 158 ‘reactivated gullies’ 161–162, 165, 166 mid-latitudes 141 Type A 160–161, 163, 167 pedestal length 159–160, 167 ejecta blankets 141, 143 light-toned deposits 171 erosion, Rupes Tenuis unit 276 morphology 151, 152, 153, 171, 172 pits 133, 134 orientation 151, 157–158, 159, 162, 163, 166 Rupes Tenuis unit, erosion 275–276 remnant-massif/debris-apron constructs (RACs) secondary chains 53–54, 55–56, 62 Eros 31 Svalbard and Mars 115, 116, 124 Mercury 29,38 water sources 196–197 Moon 29,38 Gusev Crater landing site 14, 60 Phobos 21–22, 29,36–39 walls, gullies 151, 158, 172 Hale crater 116, 117, 121, 124 see also crater fills hanging valleys, Lethe Vallis 211, 213, 215, 220 in situ observations 1, 13–15 Harmakhis Vallis, gully morphology 153 insolation, debris-apron formation 57–58 head scarps, Lethe Vallis 214 interior layered deposits (ILDs) 281–298 Hellas impact basin 6, 7 chaotic terrain 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 289–290, hematite 1–2, 15 292, 294 interior layered deposit (ILD) surfaces 281, 285, 286, comparison 295–296 290, 293, 295, 296, 297 erosion 297–298 hemispheres, dichotomy 5, 6, 7 mineralogy 283, 296–297 304 INDEX interior layered deposits (ILDs) (Continued) thalweg long profile 209, 212–213 potential formation and evolution 293, 296–298 volcanic v.