CROSSROADS OF THE OLD CONTINENT. CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY RADA NAUKOWA Przewodniczący Rady Naukowej Prof. dr hab. Wojciech Nowak Dr Denys Azarov | Uniwersytet Narodowy „Akademia Kijowsko-Mohylańska” Prof. Martin Bier | East California University Prof. dr hab. Andriy Boyko| Lwowski Uniwersytet Narodowy im. Iwana Franki Prof. Hugh J. Byrne| FOCAS Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology Dr hab. Adrián Fábián| University of Pécs Prof. dr hab. Maria Flis| Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Tadeusz Gadacz| Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie Dr Herbert Jacobson| Linköping Universitet Prof. dr hab. Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz| Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Miklós Kiss | University of Groningen Dr Erdenhuluu Khohchahar| Kyoto University Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Kotarba| Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Oleksiy Kresin| Narodowa Akademia Nauk Ukrainy Prof. dr hab. Marta Kudelska| Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Tomasz Mach| Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Mania| Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Kristin McGee | University of Groningen Prof. dr hab. Karol Musioł| Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. Biderakere E. Rangaswamy| BapujiInstitute of Engineering and Technology Dr Melanie Schiller | University of Groningen Prof. dr hab. Jacek Składzień| Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Leszek Sosnowski| Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Bogdan Szlachta| Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. Luigia di Terlizzi| Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Prof. Matthias Theodor Vogt| Institut für kulturelle Infrastruktur Sachsen MONOGRAFIA TOWARZYSTWA DOKTORANTÓW UNIWERSYTETU JAGIELLOŃSKIEGO CROSSROADS OF THE OLD CONTINENT. CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY REDAKCJA: KRZYSZTOF POPEK MICHAŁ BALOGH KAMIL SZADKOWSKI AGNIESZKA ŚCIBIOR © Copyright by Towarzystwo Doktorantów UJ, 2021 Monografia Towarzystwa Doktorantów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego TOM 3: CROSSROADS OF THE OLD CONTINENT. CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY [email protected] ul. Czapskich 4/14, 31-110 Kraków www.doktoranci.uj.edu.pl Redaktor Naczelny: Agnieszka Ścibior Zastępca Redaktora Naczelnego: Khrystyna Potapenko Sekretarz Redakcji: Stanisław Szufa Redaktor Prowadzący Tom 3: Agnieszka Ścibior Redakcja merytoryczna tomu Krzysztof Popek, Michał Balogh, Kamil Szadkowski, Agnieszka Ścibior Recenzenci prof. UW dr hab. Jarosław Czubaty (Uniwersytet Warszawski) dr Maciej Falski (Uniwersytet Warszawski) prof. UAM dr hab. Justyna Humięcka-Jakubowska (Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu) prof. UŁ dr hab. Krzysztof Lesiakowski (Uniwersytet Łódzki) prof. UW dr hab. Piotr Majewski (Uniwersytet Warszawski) dr Kamil Ruszała (Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie) prof. UAM dr hab. Wojciech Sajkowski (Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu) prof. dr hab. Irena Stawowy-Kawka (Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie) prof. dr hab. Joanna Wojdon (Uniwersytet Wrocławski) prof. ATH dr hab. Piotr Żurek (Akademia Techniczno-Humanistyczna w Bielsku-Białej) prof. zw. dr hab. Stanisław Jaczyński (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach). Publikacja finansowana ze środków Towarzystwa Doktorantów UJ Portal naukowy Academic Journals academic-journals.eu Redakcja i skład: Wydawnictwo PETRUS® Projekt okładki: Magdalena Przetaczek Fotografia wykorzystana na okładce The Avenger: An Allegorical War Map for 1877, Cornell University: Persuasive Cartography: The PJ Mode Collection, domena publiczna. ISBN 978-83-7720-633-1 30-384 Kraków, ul. Raciborska 13/31 tel. 601 974 991 e-mail: [email protected] Adres do korespondencji: Urząd Pocztowy Wieliczka skr. poczt. nr 12; 32-020 Wieliczka [email protected] Zapraszamy do księgarni internetowej: www.WydawnictwoPetrus.pl “NOT ONLY FLOWING WITH MILK AND HONEY ...”. SPIS TREŚCI Marek Stefański “Not Only Flowing with Milk and Honey...” Service of Certified Lieutenant Colonel Marian Morawski (1892– 1945) in the Army of the Second Republic. An Outline of a Biography ...........................................7 Oliver Zajac Mechanisms of Unofficial Diplomacy: The Case of František Zach’s Actions During the 1844 Albert Nugent Visit in Belgrade ..........21 Andrzej Spyra Villains or a Few Words About Austrian Secret Police ..........41 Krzysztof Popek “To Get Rid of Turks”. The South-Slavic States and Muslim Remigration in the Turn of 1870s and 1880s .................63 Balázs Balatoni Home Rule for the Balkans? The Idea of International Control in Ottoman Macedonia in the Writings of The Balkan Committee (1903–1908) ..........................................87 Péter Bedők Struggle for a Borderland. The Ecclesiastic and Civil Authority in Međimurje (Muraköz) between 11th And 20th Century .........109 Dániel Luka History in Comparative Perspective. Resistance in Communist Dictatorships after 1945 in Central and Eastern Europe with a Focus on Hungary and Agriculture ......................137 – 5 – Vojtěch Češík Notes to Research of the Nazi Reppresive Power in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ..........163 Michał Balogh Factors Influencing Decisions and Political Activity of Polish Emigrants after the Kościuszko Uprising ...................177 “NOT ONLY FLOWING WITH MILK AND HONEY...” SERVICE OF CERTIFIED LIEUTENANT COLONEL MARIAN MORAWSKI (1892–1945) IN THE ARMY OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC. AN OUTLINE OF A BIOGRAPHY Marek Stefański University of Lodz, Institute of History ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3159-5409 The Republic of Poland, which was reborn in 1918, had to deal with many external and internal problems. Strenuous work on the recon- struction of statehood was carried out both in political cabinets and on the fronts of wars over state borders. However, the fight with the neighbours would not have been possible without the army, and there- fore the Polish forces was reborn in parallel with statehood. In its ranks there were many soldiers for whom the Motherland was the most im- portant. However, the army is not only privateers, but also officers who often spent the period of World War I in the partitioning armies, and who joined the Polish Army in 1918 and served in it in the following years. Over time, many of them have been forgotten or their names appear occasionally when discussing other topics. In my text, I would like to recall and outline the biography of one of the officers of the Second Polish Republic, certified Lieutenant Colonel (podpułkownik dyplomowany) Marian Morawski. Marian Morawski was born on March 25, 1892 in Pruszków as the son of Władysław and Rozalia née Bartoszewicz.1 Marian Morawski in the documents collected in the personal file stated that his father was a mechanic in railway workshops in Żbików. This information is some- 1 CAW WBH, Marian Morawski, ap. 4654, Stan służby z 1920 r., bp. – 7 – Marek Stefański what misleading. When filling out the State of Service (Stan Służby) document twice in 1918 and 1920, M. Morawski was to indicate his father’s last place of work. As the railway workshops in Żbików near Pruszków, as a base for the Warsaw-Vienna “Iron Road”, began to be built in 1895,2 therefore W. Morawski could start working there no sooner than three years after his son was born. Young Marian received elementary education in his family home, then he graduated from the railway technical school and the Artur Jeżewski’s 7-class commercial school in Warsaw,3 obtaining his high school diploma (matura), and then four semesters of the Kiev Trade Institute. He married Paulina Bagocka4. However, he did not associate his career with trade, and after the outbreak of World War I, he joined the tsarist army. From Decem- ber 1914 to May 1915, he was a student of the Konstantynów Military Infantry School in Kiev. His first assignment was the 132nd Infantry Regiment Reserve Battalion, in which he served until August 1915 as a company officer. From August 1915 until December 1917, he was associated with the 5th Turkestan Rifle Regiment, where he served as a company and battalion commander as well as a regiment’s adjutant. Then, until January 29, 1919, he was associated with the eastern for- mations of the Polish Army (including the 2nd Polish Corps), and was also the commander of the Polish Military Organization—PMO (Pol- ska Organizacja Wojskowa—POW) in the Vinnytsia district.5 During his service in the tsarist army, he achieved the rank of lieutenant (ap- pointed on October 4, 1916), while, as reported in the documents in Polish formations in the east, he was appointed captain (on November 7, 1917, presented to the rank, from April 11, 1918, captain).6 On January 29, 1919, he was admitted to the Polish Army and as- signed to the 32nd Infantry Regiment Battalion in Ciechanów, where 2 For more information about factory in Żbików see J. Kaleta, Pruszków przemysłowy, Pruszków 2010, pp. 97–112; B. Mielczarek, Szkice z dziejów Pruszkowa. III. Przemysł pruszkowski w latach 1878–1918, „Przegląd Pruszkowski” 1982, nr 1, pp. 10–12; M. Skwara, Historia Pruszkowa do roku 1945, Pruszków 2011, pp. 58–59. 3 This school was established in place of A. Ubysz’s school, closed after the events of 1905. It was supported by advocate Artur Jeżewski, it was characterized by a relatively high level of upbringing and teaching. See J. Miąso, Szkolnictwo handlowe w Królestwie Polskim (1855–1914), „Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty” 1965, nr 8, p. 161. 4 CAW WBH, Marian Morawski, ap. 4654, Stan służby z 1920 r., bp. The author did not manage to establish the date of the wedding of the Morawski’s parents. 5 CAW WBH, Marian Morawski, ap. 4654, Karta kwalifikacyjna